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3 22_C»' ^O, 2.6"
HARVARD COLLEGE
LIBRARY
qoamp
■IBB W. ^
FROM THB FUND OF
THOMAS WREN WARD
Treasurer of Harvard College
1830-1842
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ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR
WITH
CHRESTOMATHY and GLOSSARY
BY
SAMUEL A. B. MERCER
PH. Dm D. D.
PROFESSOR OF HEBREW AND OLD TESTAMENT IN THE WESTERN
THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, CHICAGO
RECTOR OF THE SOCIETY OF ORIENTAL RESEARCH
AND EDITOR OP ITS JOURNAL
EDITOR OF THE ANGLICAN THEOLOGICAL REVIEW
LONDON
LUZAC & CO.
46 GREAT RUSSELL STREET, W.C.
1921
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5^5-*^ ^ -1-0. "^uS"
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TO
FRITZ HOAAEL
SCHOLAR TEACHER AND PRIEND
THIS LITTLE BOOK IS DEDICATED
BY THE AUTHOR
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PREFKCE
Experience in teaching Semitic languages has taught
me that the beginner needs a text-book which is both simple
and also well supplied with exercises. Hitherto no such
book for the study of Assyrian has appeared in any modern*
language. There are books in English, French, German and
Italian for beginners, but none of them are provided with
exercises. The larger grammars are reference books and
unsuited for the use of beginners. The book most generally
used in the study of the Assyrian language is Delitzsch's
Assy rise he Lesestucke. But everyone complains of its dif-
ficulty for the beginner.
Assyrian is difficult. Nor have compilers of Assyrian
grammars done much to make it attractive to the student.
It is with this in mind that I have prepared this little book.
I have divided the grammar and syntax into chapters or
lessons, and supplied each chapter with copious exercises.
I am sure that if the student works through these lessons
with care and diligence he will have no trouble with the
reading exercises which follow.
The beginner should first memorise the Simple Syllables,
These are fundamental and occur most frequently in all
cuneiform texts. He should read chapter two with care,
and so acquaint himself with the Ideograms as to be able
easily to refer to them in his later work. Chapter three
should also be read with care, looking up each sign in the
Sign List at the end of the book. Chapter foiu: is for
further practice in the Sign List. The aim thus far has
been to acquaint the student with his signs. A careful
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VI
reading of chapter five is all that is necessary. But the
pronouns, verbs, nouns, adjectives, numerals, adverbs, pre-
positions and conjunctions, chapters six to twenty -seven,
should be committed to memory, and the exercises on each
lesson should by carefully read. Read the Syntax carefully
and do the exercises with diligence. After the Chrestomathy
is finished the student should read some of the longer pas-
sages in Delitzsch's LesestUcke (which he should own), and
then he will be prepared, with the assistance of Br0nnow,
A Classified List, Leyden, 1889, and Delitzsch*s Assyrisches
Handworterbuch, Leipzig, 1896, for independent reading.
The author's object has been to make this book as
brief and concise as possible. He warns students against
thinking that they can acquire an adequate knowledge of
Assyrian without much memory-work. If the above direc-
tions are followed, the author feels that the object for which
the book has been prepsired will be attained — namely, to
. add to the number of students interested in the study of
Assyrian.
It remains only to thank my pupil, Mr. Keller, for
arranging the vocabulary, and to express my appreciation
of the excellent work done by the Akademische Buchdruckerei
F. Straub, Munich. For many hints I have to thank my
former teacher. Professor Hommel, who also very kindly
read the proof.
Samuel R. B. Mercer
Hibbard Egyptian Library,
Western Theological Seminary,
Chicago.
May 10, 192 1.
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CONTENTS
VII
CHAPTERS
Ch. I,
„ n,
in,
IV,
V,
VI,
vu,
vm— XII,
XIII,
XIV,
XV,
XVI,
xvn,
XVIII,
xrx-
SECTIONS
§1
§2—4
§5—9
-XXI,
XXII,
xxm,
XXIV,
XXV,
XXVI,
XXVII,
Ch. xxvm,
„ XXIX,
„ XXX,
„ XXXI,
§ 10
§ 12
§ i6
§ 20
§25
§31
§47—
§50
§53-
§56-
§59-
§62-
§64-
§76-
§79-
§83-
§88-
§97-
§ 100
II
15
19
24
30
46
49
52
■55
58
61
63
75
78
82
87
96
99
—102
GR/IMMAR
Introduction .
Simple Syllables
Other Syllables, Ideograms and
minatives
Sign List
Syllabaries
Phonology
Personal Pronoun .
Other Pronouns
The Strong Verb .
Verbs with an initial «
Verbs with a weak initial letter
Verbs with a weak medial letter
Verbs with a weak final letter
Other irregular verbs
The Verb with Suffixes
The Noun
Nouns with Suffixes
The Adjective
Numerals
Adverbs
Prepositions .
Conjunctions
Deter-
PAGE
I
6
13
16
18
20
21
23
34
35
38
40
41
42
44
49
50
51
53
56
57
SYNTAX
§ 103 — 107 The Noun, Adjective and Numerals . 59
§ 108 — III Verbal Nouns and the Finite Verb . 61
§ 112 — 115 The Simple and Compound Sentence 62
§ 116 Model Analysis (Asurb., Rassam Cyl. I,
57—68) 64
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VIII
PAGE
CHRESTOMHTHY 69
I Titles and deeds of IJammurabi ... 69
II The siege of Damascus and the tribute of Jehu
(Shalmanesser III) . . . . . 70
in ASurbanipaPs first Egyptian campaign (Rassam
Cyl. I, 52—2, 27) 71
IV Accession Prayer of Nebuchadrezzar 11 to Mar-
duk (Rassam Cyl. 53, Col. I 55—72) 78
V From IStar's Descent into Hades (Rassam Cyl. 31) 79
VI A Lamentation (K 4931) 80
VII An Observation of the Moon (K 716) 81
VIII Assyrian Letters 81
SIGN LIST 84
GLOSSARY 116
CORRIGENDA 122
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^BSI
GRAMMAR
INTRODUCTION
§ I. Assyrian belongs to the northern group of Semitic lan-
guages, and is closely related to the Hebrew. Its differ-
ences from Babylonian are only dialectical. The Assyro-
Babylonian language was used as early, at least, as 3000 B.C.
and continued in vogue until the first century before the
Christian era. From that time until 1835 A.D. when Sir
Henry C. Rawlinson made the first partial translation of
an Assyrian text, the Assyrian language was quite unknown.
Since then thousands of inscriptions on stone and clay have
been excavated from the buried cities of the Tigris-Euphrates
valley.
The literature of the Assyro-Babylonian inscriptions is
voluminous, and much more awaits the industry of the ar-
chaeologist. All types of literature are represented. There
are poetry and prose, prayers and hymns, incantations and
magical charms, chronology and history, precepts and laws,
and legal and commercial transactions. Thousands of texts
have been translated, and there still remain thousands un-
translated in published or unpublished form. Work upon
these texts is still in its infancy. Fuller sign lists must be
made, better dictionaries must be written, and new gram-
matical points remain to be investigated. All this must be
done in order that the student of history, religion, morals,
politics, science, and social institutions may have the means
I
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of defining the slow developement of Semitic ideas through-
out, the centuries.
Every student of Assyrian should read an account of
the decipherment of the script and of the reconstruction of
the language, and no more fascinating story of that great
achievement can be found than that in R. W. Roger's A
History of Babylonia and Assyria, Vol. I, pp. i — 353.*) Of
translations of texts there are numerous volumes, but so far
there is no complete corpus of Assyro-Babylonian literature,
nor can there be such for many years to come. The most
complete at present is the Vorderasiatische Bibliothek, pu-
blished by HiNRiCHS in Leipzig. It was begun in 1907 and
is still in progress. There is nothing similar to this in any
other modem language, although the Yale University Press
have in view a corpus which will be complete to date. Of
individual books in which translations of Assyro-Babylonian
texts are published there are many, which can be found in
any good university or seminary librciry.
*) See also Fritz Hommel, Geschichte Babyloniens und Assyriens, Berlin
1885, p. 58 — 134 and H. V. Hilprecht, Explorations in Bible Lands during
the 19th century, Philadelphia 1903, p. 3 — 577 (p. 3 — 213 also in German trans-
lation: Die Ausgrabungen in Assyrien und Babylonien, I., Bis zum Auftreten
De Sarzec's, Leipzig 1904).
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CHAPTER I
SIMPLE SYLLABLES
§ 2. The name whereby the script of the Assyrian language
is known is cuneiform. The word is derived from the Latin,
cuneus, a wedge and forma, a form, wedge-form. The script
was originally pictographic and was handed on by the Sum-
erians to the Semites who lived in the Tigris-Euphrates valley.
In later times it was used by many peoples other than the
Assyro-Babylonians, and was at last highly simplified and
used by the Persians.
The Assyro-Babylonians never developed an alphabet.
There are a few vowel signs, but the script is mostly syl-
labic. The signs are written from left to right
In this first lesson, about a hundred of the simplest
syllabic signs are arranged according to the order of the
Hebrew alphabet. This is the order in which the trans-
literated words occur in all Assyrian glossaries and diction-
aries. On the left-hand side syllables begfinning with a con-
sonant are arranged, those with a final a being placed in
the first coliunn, those with i or e in the second and those
with u in the third. On the right-hand side syllables be-
ginning with a vowel are recorded, first those with a, se-
condly those with i or e and thirdly those with u It is very
important that all these signs with their values be thoroughly
committed to memory. In section 4 these same syllabic signs
are arranged in the order in which all these and other signs
are found in all sign lists. This exercise should be carefully
studied. The signs should be read and repeatedly written
until they are as well known as an alphabet.
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§3^
Pinal Vowel
K A
Tf
= d
t^
= i
<
= «
-n
= ^
^TTTt
-= ^
i B
-^!
= *a
-= bi
= ^^
v^^
= bu
a G
tW
= ga
-TTA
= ^/
1^^
= gu
n D
^T
= rfa
<!t^
= di-
^T
= rfa
T Z
Vf
= «a
-TTV^
= -S^;
-^TT
= zu
n. N
n e
= ba
A
•= ^Z
-T<T
= bu
D T
= /■«
<!riN
= ti
m
= tu
*s '
Wi
= A'
= te
K
-tH
= ka
<M
= ki
m
-= ku
^ L
-^T
= /a
-^T!
= //•
m
= /«
M
t]
= »»«
c:
= mi
■■= me
^
= mu
3 N
^}
= na
= ni
^
= nu
= «f
D S
^
=■ sa
= se
.^j]
= su
[pi
S P
,^
= pa
^T-
= pi
Ji $
W
= ^a
J^ETT
■■= fi
= ^u
P K
-T
= ^a
lin
--= ^i
» ► <
= kn
1 R
E^TT
= ra
-TT<T
= n
^
= rw
tr §
-iiT
= itf
<T-
= ^/
I
= iu
V
= ia
V
= Se
^
= ^//
n T
t^m
r= /a
= te
-^1
= tu
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Initial Vowel
:j
;tET
:^ =
-HP
^
= ab
= ^^
= ad
>
= a
= tf ^
= a^
ak
al
am
:AHfff)
= a»
t fiW ■-=
at
Vi
<«
iz
ik
il
el
im
in
en
is
ip
if
«
ir
er
is
eS
a
t^ =ub
AHff!)
«(/
u
ub
ut
uk
ul
urn
= un
= us
= up
= U4
= u^
= ur
= i4r
= us
= «/
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§ 4. Read and write:
^ .^y .^yy .^yy .^ .^h -^I -^I -e
^ ^y ^jn -ry -^y< ^ -y<y -y<y^ ^b -TT^
-yyA -IM -II ^ ^Ti t^T ^SK ^ <yyy
t^yyy tE tt] t^]] tt]} ^m :=^ t^i j-^yy
::^yy -?y :i<y :r^yy :^ ^ ^ ^ i^y !ri<j ^
ty^ tyyyt i^yyy^ tm ^^yy ^y ^y ^ ^y ^
^yy V v^- ^^]<] v^y ^y ^y- a A-fflF aa-
< c: <^T^ <I- <MT<I <T^ <I^ <« I- HT
CHAPTER II
OTHER SYLLABLES, IDEOGRAMS AND
DETERMINATIVES
§ 5. In addition to the simple syllables, illustrated in chap-
ter I, there were also compound (or better fuller) syllables.
In Assyrian it was not easy to represent long and short
vowels. In open syllables, long vowels were represented
in one of two ways, namely, (i) By writing after a syllable
a separate sign for the vowel of the syllable, e. g. ^"^y y{y
na-a = nil; ^^ y(, la-a = Id, But such a separate sign
was not always writfen , e. g. ►-^y = na. (2) By doubling
the consonant, e. g. "yTT ^V^^T ►Ij^l^, ru-uk-ku i. e. rU^u,
In closed syllables it was practically impossible to represent
a long vowel,
§ 6. Sometimes the Assyrians used one sign to represent a
^ complete word. This we call an ideogram, e. g. ^n~» as a
syllable, has the value of an, but as a word, or ideogram,
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has the value ilu, which means "god". Likewise, ►^Ej, as a
syllable, equals ad\ as an ideogram, equals ^i^«, "father".
An ideogram may consist of two or more signs, e. g.
^-^TT t:t=y, apsn, "abyss"; "-X^ ^^ El, suluppu, "date".
Many signs have more than one syllabic value, cis well
as more than one ideographic value, e. g. | has the syllabic
values ud, tu, tarn, pir, lab, 6is; and the ideographic values
Hmu, "day", SamSu, "sun", and pi^a, "white".
§ 7. An ideogram may also be used as a determinative, that
is, a sign attached to a word to indicate the class of thing
to which the word belongs. Most of the determinatives are
placed before the words to which they refer; and are not
pronounced, e. g. ^^, before names of deities, |, before
male proper nouns; V, before names of countries and moun-
tains.
§ 8. Many ideograms have no determinatives. In order to
help in identifying the correct ideographic value of a sign
a device wcis used by the Assyrians, which we call a pho-
netic complement', e. g. the sign ^^", £is an ideogram, is
used for both ilu, "god", and iamU, "heaven". In order to
help the reader to decide which, the Ass3rrian would add
the sign H T» ^> when he wished to represent Same, 'heav-
ens", thus, ►'Hh ^Tf
§ 9. As an exercise, read and write the following ideograms
and determinatives. Become so acquainted with them that
future reference to them may be made with ease.
IDEOGRAMS .
Ideogram Pronunciation Meaning
>*r:
nakHsu
to cut off
>-<t
ziru
seed, descendant
^
fumu
name
-HF-
ilu
god
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Ideogram
Pronunciation
Meaning
•^K '^y<
balatu
life
-fc^T
ardu
slave
-^V
palU
reign, year of reign
--TIT
pafru
dagger
-^n
ffru
exalted
^TI
alu
city
-m
tabstzu
battle
>.;*^i
arbu
month
-m
rubu
noble
-TT^
napiUu
life, soul
-T<T
i^^Hru
bird
-T<I^
bam
to be
-KKT
iuntilu
left
-n
bilu
lord
^T
katu
hand
^TT
zutnru
body
*AW
riSu
beginning
^a
pa
mouth
^©
liianu
tongue
^
nakru
hostile
9^
^almu
image
►T^
epiiu
to make
c^
barranu
road
Hkaru
strong drink
^^
abnu
stone
fc^^
iarru
king 1
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Ideogram
Pronunciation
Meaning
:^^
Slru
flesh
:^=^T
isatu
fire
^
fibru
small
^fl4
ummu
mother
^^}
babu
gate
^^V^
kakkabu
star
^
dUru
wall
^\
nadanu
to give
^\
alaku
to go
J^T^
imiru
ass
t^Ii
karanu
wine
<m
duppu
tablet
^^\
abu
father
tT
i^u
wood
^V
alpu
ox
^
kibratu
region, quarter of heaven
till
dannu
mighty-
:^m
niSu
people
!^m<
sukkallu
messenger
^m
bftu
house, temple
^<
imnu
right
amilu
man
E^^
abu
brother
^!
idu
side
^m}
kablu
midst, battle
EF
rabu
great
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lO
Ideogram
Pronunciation
Meaning
^^
parakku
shrine
V
matu
land
^>W
^iru
serpent
^T
nmu
day
^F
uznu
ear
^m
libbu
heart
^f
^abu
warrior
^
tabu
good
^#
saru
wind
<ts=
mnsu
night
<»<«
kiUatu
host, the world
<^
iipu
foot
<^!^
tnur^u
sickness
<T-
inu
eye
<T-^
damku
favourable
<T^
Sarapu
to bum
<y-iH
litnnu
evil
m
ir^itu
earth
^
ellu
bright
«
$arru
king
lif
^batu
garment
It:
im
to have
i:^«=^^
libittu
brick
^^T
aSSaiu
wife
^^\
biliu
lady
T?
aplu
son (spec, heir)
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II
Ideogram
Pronunciation
Meaning
T .
iakanu
to set
W
nUnu
fish
COMPOUND IDEOGRAMS
-^ j^m
eln
high
-^TT ^^]
apsU
abyss
^TI <I^
eSiru
to be straight, right
-^l:^^^
^y suluppu
date
-TA <t.^
iuttu
dream
^^} EI-
abullu
city-gate
MITT ET-
ekallu
palace
<Pfj^m
iapla
low
«<H^
purussU
decision
N-H^
zUnnu
rain
i^ ^m
eklu
field
i^<i-
dimtu
weeping
DETERMINATIVES THAT PRECEDE THE WORD
^>{- ilu
god
before names of deities
^t]] alu
city
Yl
„ cities
^^{ arbu
month
»
„ „ months
t:^^< nru
fle,sh
»
„ partsofthe
body
t:t={^Hp kakkabu star
»
„ stars and
planets
^y^ m^«
ass
»
„ „ some of the
larger ani-
mals
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12
^<f
abnu
stone before
names
of
• Stones
^]
Uu
wood
»
»
w
trees, wooden
objects
tyf^
karpatu
vessel
w
w
»
vessels
^m^
iammu
plant
»
»
»
plants
^^
amilu
man
»
»
n
tribes and pro-
fessions
v^
matu
country
»
»
n
countries
V
SadU
mountain
»
»
»
mountains
T
male
»
n
n
male proper
names
I^
^ubatu
garment
»
n
i»
garments and
stuffs
m
immeru
lamb, sheep
»
n
»
sheep
mit
Hpatu
fleece, wool
Yt
n
»
wools and
woolen stuffs
T]f]&
nOru
river
n
n
»
rivers
^
female
n
n
»
female proper
nouns
DETERMINATIVES THAT FOLLOW THE WORD
^^ Mm iised after numbers
A-<
kam
»
n
n
^Tl
plural
»
n
plurals
tm^^
ta-a-an
n
»
numbers and measures
m
ki
n
n
names of places (comp.
aSru place)
y^
plural
»
n
pliu-als
n-f
a-an
»
n
numerals and measiu-es
^<
nUnu fish
w
n
names of fish
-T<T
U^Uru bird
Yt
n
„ birds
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13
CHAPTER III
SIGN LIST
§ lo. The sign list at the end of the book, immediately be-
fore the Glossary, should now be carefully studied. It can-
not be learned all at once, but will come with practice.
§11. For practice in finding signs in the Sign List the fol-
lowing words should be carefully read. In order to show
the close relationship between Assyrian and Hebrew, the
Hebrew equivalent of each Ass3nian word is given.
-^T'7^<
ba-nu'U
to build
m
:m }H v^-
sa-ba-pu
to overwhelm
^DD
-t] ^] ^
la-ba-iii
to clothe
^2^
-ET t] t^]
la-ma-du
to learn
■•e^
-^t:=^<
la-^u-u
to take
ni2^
-^T! W]}*^
li'Sa-a-nu
tongue
11B^J
^^
5ii-mu
name
Dg?
^tj^m
be-e-lu
lord
^M
^] m -m
na-pii'tu
life
B^^A
-^T^^jn
na-aS-ru
eagle
■'?'•?
^T ]} im
na-a-ru
river
^?}
-T ^ t:mt
l^a-nU'U
reed
m
-T^^T
l^a-aS'tu
bow
n^i?.
^TkHI't^
ti-ib'ttu
straw
1?^
-&f ^T! v^-
ak^ra-bu
scorpion
=';!p
-Tlv^ t]} W
zi-e-rti
seed
Vlt
-TI<! -^T
dal-tu
door
nh
-TT<T tT^ I
ri-e-iu
head
m-\
i^^]t-
ab-nu
stone
m
Digitized by VjOOQIC
14
<m ^
Ufn-mu
mother
D»
t^^
i-nu
eye
ra
::^:;^T
i-du
hand, side
T
ttm
Uu
god
^«
tBC-^
i-^u
wood
F«
t^W ^]
i^ia-iu
fire
JTN
tt w im
i'Sa-ru
righteous
nttf;
tt] s^yyy
at-ta
thou
nn»
^--H^
kak'ka-bu
star
n?l3
r^TM
mal'ku
prince
^5?
mM
ir-Su
couch
^?K
m tt]] ^m
ir-^i-tu
earth
^HN
:=^-^T
am-tu
handmaid
HON
:^ tt -^T
bi'i-tu
house
n:3
t^ m^ m
ku-u-lu
cry
^v
t^^jn
zik-ru
name
1?_t
t^^
al'pu
ox
flb.«
t]}^
e-mu
father-in-law
on
t]} -TT^ ^-
e-zi'bu
to leave
5I«
t]} ^y ^au
e-pi-ru
dust
i|«
^!l <T^ m
e-ti-ru
to protect
•m
t^]}m<
e-lU'U
to be high
n5«
m ^-
kal'bu
dog
^.^1
^]] -tH v^-
ra-ka-bu
to ride
22"3
^!T!^
ta-a-bu
good
3iD
^9"
kar-nu
horn
m
t] IK C-^
ma-b^-su
to smite
Koo
Digitized by VjOOQIC
15
23^
T"
\ R IeII gam-ma-lu camel ^p|
^^IM ^ «-8r-«// ear . ^rx
I ^T^ u-mu^) day Dl^
[^ ""^I \ pi-tu-u to open nn©
^TTI ^»^ librbu heart
^4r "S^ im-nu right hand
-^^fct: >— ►-< bir-ku lightning
4^^^ Is ^/r->t« knee
<MT<T »-^I A'-H^ < ar^ba-'^u four
'iH^ ►^ V^ di-i-nu judgment
tn ^in ib-ru friend
J^II ^ bin-nu nest
IT ^IM ^-^« brother nx
IT ^TiM ^*" a-ri-bu raven ^ij;
IT ^"^I i^ a-na-ku I ^5JX
IT ^'^ a-bu father nx
IT tT> ^^TI a-ba-zu to seize mx
TT ^iij ^^^ fa-al-mu image D^}{
TTA Kiril I ^ ba-ta-nu son-in-law |nn
^{< fe:<y ^lyyt ^^-^^./^ to rejoice mn
T S-^ ^ ia-am-nu
rn
?P.
oil
*) Or better umuC-mu) i. e. umu (comp. p. lo, line 5) with phonetic .
plement (p. 7, § 8) -/««.
m
Digitized by VjOOQIC
i6
CHAPTER IV
SYLLHB/IRIES
§ 12. For further practice, before going on to the study of
the grammar proper, a small portion of each of the three
great syllabaries, S*, S^ and S^ is given. These syllabaries
were composed by the Babylonians and Assyrians themselves,
and have been of inestimable value to modem students in
reconstructing the grammar and lexicon of the Sumerian
and of the Ass3nian language.
§ 13. Syllabary S^. In the second column is the syllable
under consideration, in the first column the pronunciation
of the syllable, and in the third column the name of the
syllablic sign.
yf Vi tyyyt
<y^ -^yy ^^\ ^ m
^^\ ^yy -yy A ::^yy v-
-yy<y ^
m m^ ]}
-^yy tm
y^y
]}
y -^yy ih
^
y jy c£^
<w
y^iH
A^
yj^A-HP
A-HP
y -y<y m^
-y<y
y -yy<y tt
-yy<y
]t:ii^
^^
^^
y }}< yf
}H
y -^yy j^yyy^
-^yy
§ 14. Syllabary S^. In the second column is the ideogram
under consideration, in the first column the Sumerian pro-
nunciation, and in the third column the Assyrian translation
of the ideographic sign.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
I?
-Hh
^}
IH
t^
§ 15. Syllabary S", This is in a sense a combination of S*
and S^. In the second column is the ideogram under con-
sideration, in the first column the pronunciation of the same,
in the third column the name of the ideographic sign, and
in the fourth column the Assyrian translation with synonyms.
TT^
-^T
r<T^tE^
F --TTT
T^T
:^^T
!^
m
T
::^T!
T:^
^W
\^\
<
T-^TI
-T<T
^T
T
t^
IV
ir
V -^ !^!TT!
t^ ^tz
K:| ^i^-
^ -tH ^-
-tH ^I<J ^-
m>^>^
Ti -t] m
t^]] ^] <m
-^T ]} fc=^T
^m ^-
T -TT^ ;:^TT
li^J^
T -J^H -^T
•^ff-
T
<I!!T
tm
►ff-
:riT -T<T
1] t^ v--
i^^^jni
11 vff ^yy<T s;<T
Digitized by VjOOQIC
t8
T<Tt^A4f
<^I
<T-^^^
CHAPTER V
PHONOLOGY
§ 1 6. Vowels > The Assyrian language possesses the vowels
a, i, u, d, /, U, and ^ as a variant sound of i and a, and o
as a variant sound of «.
The vowels a and a change to <?, e, and f, e. g. /-w^-
^-r« into i-me-e-rtv, mU'Sa-ak'ni-iu into mu-ii-ik-ni'Su,
Vocal contraction is common, e. g. ba-Jtu-u for ba-ni-u.
Vowels sometimes fall off, e. g. iU-ub-iu for M-Su-ub'-tu.
§ 17. Consonants,
The Assyrian consonants are: ^, g, d, z, ^, ^, k, I, m,
^y Sj pi ^, h{(i)y ^> ^y ^- These consonants are arranged ac-
cording to the Hebrew order.
The consonant k after n or m sometimes becomes g,
e. g. lU'Ui'kum-ga for lu-u^-kum-^ka.
Sometimes k is replaced by g, e. g. g&tu for ^^^Z//.
Before a dental m becomes n^ e. g. Sa-li-in-tu for if^-//-
tm^tu; also before j?, e. g. Sii-un-iu for iu-Jim-Su.
After «, / often changes to rf, e. g. un-da-ai-iir for «;;/-
ia-aS-iir) after i^ it changes to ^, e. g. ik-te-bi for ik-te-bi.
In some verbal forms i^/ and ^/ become ss and ^^, e. g.
aS'Sa-kan for aS^ta-kan] a^^^a-bat for a^-ta-bat.
Sibilants change to / before a dental, e. g. al-fu-ur for
aS'fu-ur; or before sibilants, e. g. a/-^f for aS-sf.
After a dental or another sibilant S becomes j, with
which the preceding sibilant, and sometimes the dental, as-
similate, e. g. ^at'Su, ia-^as-su, or ka-a-su for kat-iu.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
to
Before certain consonants n chang'es to tn, e. g. u-Sam-
kir"^) for u-San~kir\ but usually it assimilates, e. g. id-din for
in~din.
§ 1 8. Accent.
As yet very little is known about Assyrian accentuation.
Monosyllables are accented, e. g. Sdr matati. When the last
syllable is long it is accented, e. g. Sarrut mat ASiuK
The accent recedes till it finds a long or closed syllable,
e. g. SarrutUy innamir.
In some forms a short penultima is accented, e. g. ikdSad.
The enclitics -ma and -ni drive the accent back upon
the penultima, e. g. ibnuma, iprusuni.
§ 19. Exercises.
:s: JI. ^ "^TT -]& :^ JI. ->^T Vi ^ ^TTT^. -^I
II ^ tW, t^]] ^] -^, t^ Vi ^] -l&. JI
tm^ tt]], ^W <- <T- ^TTT^. -W -^T. <Iif
;:^ -^T. V -^TI t^PF ^T. JT ^V^ I }}< ^
JJ. m ^ ^I. ^H ^TI ^ fc^H. -KI^ !=^T
:i^, ^ m j:^. ^:s 4ff -^. j^i<j nw iH.
m fe^TTT ^^. :^I<J ^11 <:^I^ -. JiTT ^^TT. -T
^ .^IT. -I T]f .*^. tmsr :rITTt <^. ^^Kli-
*) More correct is the transscription u-ldn-ktr.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
20
CHAPTER VI
PERSONAL PRONOUN
»
§ 20. The personal pronouns in the nominative axe:
Singular Plural
1 c. an&ku anlni, anlnu, nfnu, nlni
2 m. atta attunu
2 f. am
3 m. iu Sunu, Sun
3 f. SI Slna, Sin
§ 21. The personal pronouns in ihe genitive and accusative are:
Singular Plural
1 c. iatu, iati, iasi, a-a-Si niati, nidSim, ndSi
2 m. katu, kati, kdSa kdtunu, kdSunu
2 f. kati, kasi
3 m. SaSu, SudSu SdSiinu, SaSun
3 f, SaSa, SaSi
% 22, Pronominal suffixes attached to nouns with possessive
meaning:
Singular Plural
1 c. -?, -/a, -a -niy -nu
2 m. 'ka, 'ku 'kunU, -kun
2 f. 'ki \_-kina\
3 m. 'Sii, 'S, -Sa "SHnu, -Sun, -Sunilti
3 f. 'Sa 'Sina, -Sin
§ 23. Pronominal suffixes attached to verbs with accusative
meaning:
Singular Plural
1 c. -anni, ^inni, -ni -ndSi, -anndSi, -annaSu
2 m. ^ka, ^akka, -ikka, ~ak, ^kunUSi, -akkunilSu
-akku
2 f. ~ki, ^akkiy -ikki -kindSi
3 m. -Siiy -S, -aSSu, -aS -Sunu, -aSSunu, -SunUtu, -SunUti
3 f. 'Si, -j?, -aSSi 'Sina, -Sindtu, -Sindti, -SinaSim^
-aSSinatu, -aSSinlti
Digitized by VjOOQIC
21
§ 24- Exercises,
H -^T HI. <F ::E. ^ :^TTTt. :^I s^TII. ^\
' -<!<- <T- -^T. l-^,]}^ :^, t^] -m -7^. W
V II L -^H II V. ^11 -f<. -^tJ II <I-.
:^. <I- t^^ffi. JI -7^. ^ :^III. I^I 9^. V. <III.
-^H. ^^11. L <I-. -^^1 <I-. <I- -^I -^I<.
I ^ ^K m ^ <l^> m ^I <I-. Ml Ct^
t<^ ^jn -^H -i^ll Jl. II ^- ^. II ll< ->^il
^,^]^< I -EI ^I JI ^H. -EI EI ;:;^I
<K -EI :=^ < I 9^ -^I<. EI }hC-^ m ^ <h
^ ||< ^- <IEI -rl <I-, til -n^ V^- <IEI,
!^ii <i^ ^jn <i- ^^I ^i<, ^i- ^i < I.
CHAPTER VII
OTHER PRONOUNS
§ 25. Demonstrative Pronouns. There are five chief demon-
strative pronouns:
I. anna, this
Singular
Plural
masc.
fem.
masc.
fem.
nom
anna
annltu
annUtu
annatu
anniu
an(n)llte
annate
annttu
gen.
anni
annlti
annlti
ace.
anna
annlta
2. SuatUy
that
iuatu(m)
Hati
Suatunu
Suatina
Suati(m)
satunu
satina
mtu
Sunnti
Sinatina
latu
Hnati
Digitized by VjOOQIC
§26.
§27.
Singuh
\Y Plural
masc.
fern. masc. fcm.
3. sa, that
sa
it
4. ammUy that
amma
ammiiu animate
5. «//;?, that
nom. u/Zn
ullUtu
gen. u//t {ulli)
Relative Pronouns.
I. ia, who, which.
2. man(n)u Sa, whoever.
3, mina, minma Sa, mim(m)a (Sa), mimntU, whatever.
4. mal(a), ammar, as
many as.
Interrogative Pronouns.
I. mannu, who?
masc.
neut.
mannu
nom. minU
gen, mine
ace. mina
2. ^ir-^-/i (i. e. ^ir/-z/), who?; fern, a-a-ta; plural aiiUiu, aiiuti,
§ 28, Indefinite Pronouns,
I. Masculine: manman, mamman, manuman, mam{m)ana,
memini, manHma, matiamma, manma,
mam(m)a, mumma, anyone.
Neuter: minma, mim(m)a, mimmu, aiiumma, aiiamma,
iaumma, anything.
§ 29, Reflexive Pronoun. This is expressed by the word ra-
ntHnu, self.
§ 30. Exercises.
]} ^T< ^y, ^Hf- 9^. ^Hf- Sff=. ^Hf- :«: ^T. -Hf-
Digitized by VjOOQIC
23
f^ "-cH ^Hf- E?^ i^]]l ^HF- 9^ »-<K ^HP ^ »^I<'
^ ^y<, <y^ ^y ^y< ^y, y^ ^ ^y, ^y^y^ jgjj,
<TtI^ M -^I, :r^ ET v^I, U^l V, « 9^^
C: ^ <, C: ^T If ^I :^ tl « ET -HP >
et -i<iii^ ^r, c: A^ ti « »7^ v> EI ^i, N
y^ -yyyt, i{ tt ^ :ryyyt ->f <, ^y ^, ct ^>
t] ->f ^, ^I]f <III EI, EI :r^ EI -HP, EI
^ EI -HP-
CHAPTER VIII
THE STRONG VERB
§ 3i« 7%^ Skeleton of the Strong Verb. The Assyrian verb
has ordinarily four primary, three secondary, and one terti-
ary stem. The model verb kaiddu means to conquer.
I. 2.
I I (or o, i) Qal ikdiad I 2 (or t, i) If teal iktiiad
n I (or o, 2) Paal ukaiiad II 2 (or t, 2) Iftaal ukta$$ad
III I (or s, i) Shafal uSakSad III 2 (or st, i) Ishtafal uStakiad
IV I (or n, i) Nifal ikkdSad
3-
I 3 (or tn, i) Iftaneal iktandSad
1. There are other stems which are not of very frequent
occurrence. Such are: TV 2 (or nt, i), Ittafal; 11 3 (or tn, 2),
Iftanaal; III 3 (or stn, i), Ishtanafal; IV 3 (or ntn, i), Ittana-
fal; m/n I (or s, 2), Ishpaal; and m/II 2 (or st, 2), Ishta-
paal.
2. These stems are referred to as, Qal, Paal, Shafal, etc.,
or, more conveniently as, Ij, IIj, III,, IVj, I,, II,, etc.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
24
3. The signification and formation of the various stems:
Ij, Qal is the root stem, used transitively and intransitively.
IIj, Paul signifies intensity, and has its middle consonant
doubled.
nij, Shafal has a causative signification, and is formed
by prefixing the consonant L
IVj, Nifal is passive in signification, and is formed by
prefixing the consonant «, which is sometimes changed
to accord with the first consonant of the root
I,, Ifteal is reflexive in signification. It is derived from
the Qal.
II,, Iftaal has both active and passive signification. It is
derived from the Paal.
Ill,, Ishtafal is a reflexive of the causative. It is derived
from the Shafal.
IVj, Ittafal has a passive signification, and is derived from
the Nifal. Originally Intafal,
I3, Iftaneal\ II3, Iftanaal\ III3, Ishtanafal\ and IVj, Itta-
nafal are derived from Ij, IIj, III,, and IVj, respect-
ively, and are similar in meaning.
III/IIj, Ishpaal; and 111/11,, hhtapaal are similar in signifi-
cation to the Shafal and Ishtafal, respectively. They
are a Paal-Shafal and a Paal-Ishtafal, respectively.
4. The Assyrian verb in usually tri-consonantal, e. g.
kaiddu, but there are also roots with two and sometimes
four consonants. These consonants are called radicals,
§ 32. Vocabulary,
damaku = to be favourable rakdbu = to ride
kaSddu = to conquer iakdnu = to place.
§ 33. Exercises,
t^iri ^11 ttl -I<T^ t^m -^T -^TT !^^T. ^TTT^
Digitized by VjOOQIC
25
-III- '^II -B m ^l ^] iB]]] -^ ^11
ttl -T<k -^M "^TI J^T> ^I s^III -]& ^TT
ttl ^I s^m -^I -B UU -^I> ^T ET I]f
CHAPTER IX
§ 34. TAe Qal, or I^.
PRESENT
Singular
3 m. ikaiad {ikaS$ad)
3 f. takaSad
2 m. takaSad
2 f. takaSadl
I c. akaiad
Plural
ikaiada(nilu)
ikaSada(ni)
takaSada
takaiada
nikaSad
3 m. ikSud
3 f. takSud
2 m. takiud
2 f. takiudl
I c. akiud
3 m. ^^j?/rf
3 f. kaidat, kaSdat(a)
2 m. kaSdat(a)
2 f. kaidati
I c. kaSdak(u)
PRETERITE
ikSuda(nzlu)
ikSuda(m)
takiudu
takiuda
nikiud
PERMANSIVE
ka$dli(ni)
kaSda(ni)
kaSdHiunu
[iaSdatind]
kaSdani(-nu)
2 m. kulud
2 f. kuiudl
PARTICIPLE
kaS(i)du
IMPERATIVE
kuiudU
kuiuda(ni)
INFINITIVE
kamdu
Digitized by VjOOQIC
26
The Assyrian verb has three tenses: Present, preterite
and permansive. The present expresses incomplete action
and is rendered in English by the present or future. The
preterite expresses complete action and is rendered by the
English imperfect, perfect or pluperfect. The permansive
resembles a noun or participle, and takes suffixes. It ex-
presses a state or condition; thus, ia-ak-nu-u-ni, they are set.
§36.
§37.
Vocabulary.
palabu = to fear
harabu = to draw near
katdmu =^ to cover
kanaSu = to submit
zakaru = to speak
pafaru = to release
^abatu = to grasp
labaru = to be old
labaSu = to clothe.
Exercises,
ri -^H m ^T. -^ M ^T. m JT ^T.
t^TTI -^H "^TT ^l t^m -& J! ^T. m M
<Tt^, -^H fe ^I s^TTT. fc^riT -^H '^TT <Tt^.
-7^. ::^TT lif -^T. V -]& -7^. V -i^H -7^. tH
^m. fc^m <v -^. ^^ -^ -^i ^^^ -Til .^-
Digitized by VjOOQIC
2^
§38.
§39-
CHAPTER X
The Paal, or 11^.
PRRSENT
Singular
Plural
3 m. ukaSSad
uka$$adU(ni)
3 f. tukaSiad
ukaSSada(ni)
2 m. tukaiiad
tukaiSadil
2 f. tukaSiadl
tukaSSada
I a ukaSSad
nuka^ad
PRETERITE
3 m. ukaiSid
ukaSHdil(ni)
3 f. tukalHd
ukaSSida(ni)
2 m. tukaiiid
tukaiiidU
2 f. tukaiHdl
tukaSSida
I c. ukaSSid
nukaSSid
PERMAJ^SIVE
3 m. ku$$ud
kuSSudil(m)
3 f. kuiSudat
kuiiuda
2 m. kuS$udat(a)
kuiSudatunu
2 f. kuUudati
f
I c. kuSSudak(u)
iuiiudani
IMPERATIVE
2 m. >&«^^/rf, y&^ij^/rf kuSSidn
2 f. /&«jfjf/rff
kuiSida
PARTICIPLE
INFINITIVE
mukaiSidu
kuSSudu
The Shafal, or IIl^.
PRRSENT
3 m. uiakSad
uSakSadil(ni)
3 f. tuSakSad
uSakiada(ni)
2 m. tuSakSad
tuSakiadU
2 {. tusaksadl
tuSakSada
I c. uSakiad
nuiakiad
Digitized by VjOOQIC
28
§40-
Singular
3 m. uSakSid
3 f. tuiakiid
2 m. tuiakHd
2 f. tuSakSidl
I c. uiakHd
PRETERITE
Plural
uSakSidil{ni)
uSakSida(nt)
iuSakSidU
tuSakSida
nuSakSid
PERMANSIVE
3 m. Sukiud
3 f. iukSudat
2 m. iukSudata
2 f. Sukiudati
I c. SukSudak(u)
SukSudil(ni)
SukSuda
SukSuddtunu
SukSudani
IMPERATIVE
2 m. j^«>fej?/rf
2 f. Jf//>fe^/Vj&
SukSidU
suksida
PARTICIPLE
muSakSidu
INFINITIVE
SukSudu
7%^ Nifal, or IVy
3 m. ikkaiad
3 f. takkaSad
2 m. takkaSad
2 f. takkaSadl
I c. akkaSad
PRESENT
ikkasadil(ni)
ikkaSada(ni)
takkaSada
takkaSada
nikkaSad
3 m. ikkaSid
3 f. takkaSid
2 m. takkaHd
2 f. takkaSidl
I c. akkaSid
PRETERITE
ikkaSidil(nt)
ikkasida(ni)
takkaSida
takkaSida
nikkaSid
Digitized by VjOOQIC
29
PERMANSrVE
§ 41.
3
3
2
2
I
m.
f.
m.
f.
c.
Singular
nakSud
nakSudat
nakSudata
nakSudati
nakSudak(u)
Plural
nakSudil(ni)
nakSuda
nakSudatunu
f
nakSudani
2
2
m.
f.
nakHd
nakiidl
IMPERATIVE
nakSidU
nakHda
PARTICIPLE
mukkaSidu
£•;
ven
INFINITIVE
nakSudu, nakaSudu
:ises.
lEj ^ <I- ^y, tw -m fe <F ^I.
lil M ^ ^I. M ^T jy ::^T. tw %V. -^
<F ^L ^! ^:^ J! ^T> ^ m -^ <I^
-:^H '^T! ttl ^] -^ JI ^T, -r<!^ -::H <T-
^I, ^ ^:s^ -tH <T- :^T» -^T -^ <I-
^L tiir^ ^m ^^ t^ ^T. ^iiTt ^ -w
Digitized by VjOOQIC
30
o
^ -^ ^2? "^
^
1
•^
1
1
5
5
»
•<o
»<o
a
»
^ t t 4 1 11
X
oi
w
s ^
*♦*
^ a s ^ s
H ^ I s &
s -«»i
CM
bo
1
Digitized by VjOOQIC
31
§ 43- Exercises.
t^ni '^IT <T6^. <Iif ^T JT ^ -&» ^
^:s^ t^TII <T- :;^T. m s^ITT ^I ::;^T. -^ t^TIT
^T '^TI tEl. ^ >-vv t^m -^T •^Tir ^\
-^ t^m ^T -m J^^T. lif t^IIT ^ ^T :;^r.
^^^ t^m fe "^TT !^T. ^I t^ITT -a "^TT
^T. ^ :s<T s^TTT -]& <T- :;^r. ^I s^IU -^
-!!<! ^I -H ^T -r <M -"^T. ^T ts^ -M
Digitized by VjOOQIC
32
2 §
S O Q
O O o
-w ^ ■!->
< g ii ^ i I i i I
I
*^ B > 2
03 cA O CU
5 5 5 5
- - ^» "5 -^ I
■ ^
Digitized by VjOOQIC
33
§ 46. Exercises.
-m ^- ^K, m ^y ^. ^T ^^ -in ^r. -^y
^- «T. ^I s^IIT m -Vlt:^^ ^]M^} ^
^% >-VV s^TTT -^I "m ^^l -VV t^TTT "^TT
-^T '^TT !^^I. j^HT -& t^TTT -^I '^11 ^TI.
-T<T^ t^TII ^! "^TT m, -W t^iri ^T "^TT
^i, <m ^T ^T ^i ^, ^ >-w m ^i
Digitized by VjOOQIC
32
^
^3 "Q
•S 1:1
^ 2
u o
o o o
4-> ^ 4-J
w
H
Pi
<
U
'^
I
I
a
w
i
"5 .-^
S ^
5t %fc '^
5 •!§ S
5 S
I
O
>
o
I
o o o o
4-> ^-> ^-> ^
54 N* Nk
5^ s ^ ^
000
Digitized by VjOOQIC
T
33
§ 46. Exercises.
t^m }} -^] -<K II -^n ^< ^^. m m] ^i
-m ^- ^SK, ^ ^y v^. ^T ^. -in ^t. -^i
C- C^TT. ^I t^m tt] -VVt^}] ^}M^^} ^
E^n. -T<^ !£Tn -^T "^I !^EL -T<T^ t^TIT "^IT
-^T "yn ^^T. c^m -]& t^m ^t '^it ^ii.
-T<^ t^m ^T "^TT ^^I, -T<k t^TIT -^T "^IT
^T. m ^T ^T ^I :s:. ^ -I<T^ ^T ^I-
Digitized by VjOOQIC
34
CHAPTER XIII
§ 47- y^ris with
an initial
n.
QAL
SHAI-'EL
NIFAL
IFTEAL
ISHTAFAL
PRESENT iddan
uiaddan
innadin
ittadan
uitaddan
PRETERITE iddin
uiaddin
innadin
ittadin
uUaddin
PERMANSIVE nudin
iuddun
naddun
tadin
IMPERATIVE idin
Suddin
naddin
PARTICIPLE nadinu muSaddinu munnadinu muttadinu
INFINITIVE naddnu Suddunu naddunu
The remaining, forms are comparatively regular.
§ 48. Vocabulary.
naddnu = to gfive
§ 49. Exercises,
na^aru = to guard
^, t^TT ^I ^T -+. ^T ^ Vf m tW C-^
IH. ^I t^TIT ^T ^T -HP. ^T t-^ M ^
s^m ::^T <Tk^ -^T. ^T <Tc^ 9^. ^T <It?=
-ry. T]^ -^T ^T ^ t^m -^T :^T <Tc^ r^:. ^
t^m -^T !^T <Tt^ -^T. ^ ^T tET <Tt^ -^T.
tt m> ^a^T ^. ^^T -^T. ^ -^T !^T <Trif^ ^-
Digitized by VjOOQIC
35
^^ § § I
^ J5; S ^
5 ^
'^ .«
•iS ^ n5 >
m
E
5 i» :t$
i5 i^ ^ -^»
•^ .^ § S .-S 5 § g- .^ -S ;§
g ^ -^ r^
X
w
H
<
X
U
i
I .5
"S S ^ rS ^ §
^ ^ "S •^.
;t ;s ;s
•S "^ <:>
g r^. § ^ *5 ^. .$2 ^>i •^ ^.
-I.^-^ lMiMu2> ^J*^*!* .SiliSa^
ill ^^^-s ss^s «§§§
^«*
.«
I ^
I
►^
J S'5l"§^- Sr^<:i.^ -S^r^-jji. §r^
5 •§ -^ 5 S ^ :5 '•'Si ^' -^ <5 -£5 vg
o
to
000
u
Pk
Digitized by VjOOQIC
36
^ .§ ^ ^ 4
^ ^ 5 5 ^
H -S 55 ?2 ^
S s 8 s s
§ 1 11 ■«
5 5 » ;5 a
S 8 S S S
O^ *Q iQ iQ 1^
§
000
Digitized by VjOOQIC
37
§ 52. Exercises.
^T ^W :=«. ^T ^T M< M tB Tl -EI T]f
I^. s^TTT J^I<J -ET -^H If T? T ^-. -^T trTTTt:
<I- HI. t\\ ^I ::I]f x:^% ^I MI !^N I^. II
•^11 ^-. ^ -^I II -^I 9^. II ||< II -^11. 11
-I<I -^TI tiTTIt:, ^I fc^III-El -S till:: t^IIT
4i-ffF ^< ^^ ^I t^TII II II ll< ^^. ^I
t^m -^I ll< t^^: ^I s^III ^-ffl 41 ::I. ::III::
•^n II II -^11 -I<I^. :s< v^I til -I< -I<I^.
4^-ffi ^ tl. 4iHPfI -I<I v^-R JI tint M
t?^ ^i t^iii II -i<i ^\<\ ^mm^-^\ II
-i<i -^11. ^ M ^i <i- -i^-
Digitized by VjOOQIC
38
< 52 g fe fe
Mii-ls§3i 31 II II
^ . S -^ r*J .§ .^ :^ .^ •:§ ^ -i^ ^ 5 S •:§:«?
X
Pi .
I ^ li 1^ 1^ 5^ If l|
^(^ sa aa -^S ^«i SS ^S.
i
:2g^_'^§^i^.^."3..^.;^J.I.^I
•? a § § S w
J^ ^ 5 ^ H S ^
s s ^ »^ a s
f'^ h ^ w 1^ e
9 9 2 £ p< fe
pq K (x) g <fj g
P^ Pk Pk n (1^ M
to
Digitized by VjOOQIC
39
The other forms of verbs with a weak medial are easily
identified.
The verb Sa'dlu hdis for a middle radical the equivalent
of the Hebrew letter K, and is called medial K^; kanu has
for a middle radical the equivalent of the letter 1, and is
called medial N^; and ta6u has for a middle radical the equi-
valent of \ and is called medial N,. There are verbs which
have for a middle radical the equivalent of the Hebrew
letters n, n, y, and of the Arabic letter ^. They are called
medial Kg, Kg, K^, and Kg, respectively. Examples of these
are, maru to send, ramu to love, 6^/u to rule, and 6a u to
seek. Their forms will occasion no difficulty.
§ 54. Vocabulary,
ia^alu =;= to ask kdnu = to stand
tdbu = to be good nia^ddu == to be many
matu = to die belu = to rule
§ 55- Exercises,
V Tl If M, tE -^TI II If M. EI ini ::;:l.
:^ 4i.Jff ^l, -tu W 9^. ^III lil tlll!^ ^I.
EI II -^I, ^ ^ -^I :rTn::, ^T \\ ^-, tE
<I^ -^T. ^I ^ ^IT t^T, ^l Tl II :;:i, -< ^11
M. -< ::II -^IT :rri ^l<, ::TII:^ -^T II ^I<J.
:::^I t^III tl^. JrTTI:: -^I I| ^11, <F t^HI
tMf, ::^ ^I ::II IgJ. I^ till -7^. ^ EI II ^I.
<Iif -^I M. <m -7^. <1I -^I -^ly-. <IEI -^T
II ^, ^\ m^ Vi^^m^^-
Digitized by VjOOQIC
40
c/} ^
^ s ♦*
«
r^
i
«
^
4
M
s
I
•a
I
s
I ^ p
S [I] H
(^
^
Pk
§ Pk
JO
Digitized by VjOOQIC
41
§58.
Exercises,
t^T tX. ^V ^\ ^TTT^. m\ K^T
-<T<. -^T -v^ m^^ s^m -t:l !^ :^. ET -7^ s^TTTt.
S?:. HI :^ -<T<. ^T t^ITT ^T ^^ A4f fc^TIT
^T :^TT. A4f EI t^TT. ^^T t^TTI k:T :s:. JI
ti!^ ^T<. -^I ^::I ^^ t] t-fe tint. -^I fc^TII
^tl ^-, EI II t-fe ::IIT^. ^ «=i:^ t^III 9^. !:!::I
r^. t^III <^ ^. t= Sfi- tE, t^in <^ ^ ct.
t^III <^ -ri If HI -^T Tf ^^ ^ <. t^III
CHAPTER XVII
§ 59. other irregular verbs.
I. F<rr*j with four radicals.
PAAL
SHAFEL NIFAL IFTAAL
ISHTAFAL
PRESENT uSkalal
uiabalkat ibbalakit uUaklal uStabalkat
PRETERITE uilkalil
uiabalkit ibbalkit uSia^lil
uStabalkit
^ERMANSIVE iukalul
Subalkiit nabalkut
$utabalkut
IMPERATIVE iukalil
Siibalkit nabalkit
Sutabalkit
PARTICIPLE muil^alilu muibalkitu mubbalkitu
muHabalkitu
INFINITIVE Sukalulu
iubalkutu nabalkutu
^tabalkutu
2. Doubly weak verbs.
Some verbs have two weak radicals. Such verbs ex-
hibit the peculeirities of both classes of weak verbs to which
they belong. Thus the verb idu to know is both initial K^
and final K^.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
3. Verds in which the second and third letters are the
same.
These are called mediae geminatae, and are in the main
conjugated like the regular verb. In a few forms contrac-
tion of the second and third letters takes place. Thus ia-
lain to plunder, in the 3. m. s. perm, of the Qal has ^al
for ialil,
§ 60. Vocabulary,
$u^alulu = to swing balkatu = to tear down
idu = to know ^aldlu = to plunder
§ 61. Exercises,
-m -^i M. '^iT -^Ti m^^m -^i
m ^l ^T --T^ m^ Ji — k m -A< I. -^H
^ ^r ::ET. t^IIT -]& s^III "^TT <I^. -!<T^
s^TIT "^TT t^T. <m ^^I JI % ^ -W t^m
^T '^IT ^l M ^I ^I. -T<T^ t^TII ^I '^IT
^IT, -T<T^ s^TIT -^T -m HI' <I^ ^I .^I
HT -^T -7^. :^ -M^ t^III •^ir ^^I. ^ -I
MM-
CHAPTER XVIII
§ 62. /"A^" Z'<'r^ with suffixes.
A verbal suffix may express: (i) the accusative, e. g.,
al-^a-iii-nu-u-ti, I removed them ; (2) the dative, e. g., <?</-
din-iu, I gave him; or (3) a prepositional phrase, e. g., a,f-
bat-sn, she sits with him.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
43
Forms ending in Forms ending in Forms in «, I
Consonant with Consonant with with
simple suffix augmented suffix simple suffix
\ Forms in 5, a
with
augmented suffix
Singtdar3 m.
iikuniU
iSkunaSiU
iikunum
iikunUnhiu
3 f.
i$kun$l
iSkunam
iikunUil
iSkunUniSSl
2 m.
iikunka
iSkunakka,
iikunUka
iikunilnikka
2 f.
iikunkl
iikunakkl
iSkunUkf
Ukunttnikkl
I c.
iikunnf
iikunannl
iSkunUnl
i$kunn*inni
Plural 3 m.
iikunSunU
iSkunaSSufiil
iikunasunil
i$kunUni$$unil
3 f.
iikunHna
i$kunaS$ina
iikunUHna
iikunUniiHna
2 m.
iikunkunil hkunakkunU
iikunUkuna
iikunUnikkunU
2 f.
iikunkinU
hkunakkina
iSkunUkina
iikunUnikkind
I c.
tikunna
iikunannd
iikunUna
iikunnUnna
Forms in i
with
simple suffix
Forms in i wit!
augmented suffb
Forms in /, t
\ with
simple suffix
Forms in t, e with
augmented suffix
Singular 3 m,
iuknua
SukntSia
ibniiil
tbnaiiU
3 f.
iuknUl
Suknim
ibniil
ibnaSSf
2 m.
ibnikd
ibnakka
2 f.
ibnikl
ibnakkl
I c.
Uiknlnl
iukninni
ibninl
ibnanni
Plural 3 m
iuknUunU
SukniiiunU
ibniiunfl
ibnai$unn
3 f .
Sukniiind
iuknh^ina
ibniHna
ibnaiiina
2 m
ibnikuna
ibnakkunn
2 f .
ibnikina
ibnakkina
I c.
iuknlna
iukinna -
ibnina
ibnannd
8 63. Exercises,
>-W JT ^T -HP ^ -^T -9^ < L -T<U JT
:==^ •/■ <T-, tTITs '^IT ^^- X:X ^T ^.^^IT. >-W
Digitized by VjOOQIC
44
^ ^T -HF- ^T <h U ^T -4- 1^^ -T<k JI
^ 9^, ^i i^ ^ I tw m -B <T- ^T
^, -T<T^ M mi ^ <T- ^T -^T<.
CHAPTER XIX
THE NOUN
§ 64. Formation of nouns,
1. Some nouns are formed by merely adding vowels
to the root consonants, e. g., iulntu, peace, from Saldmu, to
be at peace.
2. Some nouns take a feminine termination, e. g., pu-
lufptu, fear, from palabu, to fear.
3. Some nouns are formed by the addition of prefixes.
The prefix may be
(a) a vowel, e. g., ikribu, prayer, from kardbu, to bless.
(b) ;;/ or w, e. g., malaku, way, from aldkii, to go; na-
rdmu, love, from ramu, to love.
(c) ^, e. g., iurba, great, from rabil, to be g^eat.
(d) /, e. g., tamfparu, fight, from mabdru, to oppose,
4. A few nouns insert / after the first radical, e. g.,
ritpdSu, wide, from rapdiu, to be wide.
5. Some nouns have special terminations, chief of which are:
(a) anu, e. g., kurbHnu, offering, from kardbu, to pay
homage to.
(b) u, e. g., mafpru, former, from mafpdru, to oppose.
(c) ntu, e. g., bilntu, lordship, from b^lu, lord. These are
abstract nouns.
6. A few nouns drop the initial weak letter of the root,
e. g., Subtu, dwelling, from aidbu, to dwell.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
45
§ 65. Exercises, Determine the meaning of the following nouns
from the glossary. In Assyrian dictionaries words are ar-
ranged not necessarily according to the consonants or vowels
with which they happen to begin, but under their root. The
root of a word is given in the form of the infinitive. For
convenience, all nouns in this book are arranged in the
glossary according to the consonants or vowels with which
they begin. Verbs are arranged according to their infinitives.
The student's attention is called to the fact that / often
changes place with b, t with d, k with g and i with j.
^-^ ^TT -a ^^ JI.<-T^ ^» -^T m ^jai'
^. tin lif tint: ii<^-, ET ^ -^H ^^ ^ ^i
^ M^ ^!^T M -m^ ^t] t] \] ^. t] }}< ^M
-^I ::I<J -^! JT, tt M -^l ^- ^jn ^-T<T
^^TT < -< ^V( M^ V- t:m< -^T, ^TT- -tH
^^TT, ^ <T-TI<T -IT^ ^TT M^ -! -^ -I ::^I-
CHAPTER XX
§ 66. Gender^ number and case,
1. Nouns have two genders, masculine and feminine.
A few nouns are of common gender. Nouns of feminine
gender are: (a) Most names of parts of the body; (b) Nouns
that end in /«, ti, ta with or without one of the vowels, a,
e, i, u, preceeding.
2. The plural of masculine nouns ends in e (or /), dni,
a, nti'y the plviral of feminine nouns in ati (or iti). Many
nouns have more than one form of plural, e. g., iadi and
iadani, mountains. .
Digitized by VjOOQIC
46
3. The nominative case is usually marked by the end-
ing u, the genitive by / and the accusative by a. There
are many exceptions to the rule, the case endings being
often employed indiscriminately.
4. The ending u{m) of a noun sometimes has the same
force as a preposition, e. g., bltunt, in the house, or with a
following genitive, e. g., kirbunt Babili = ina kirib B,, in
the midst of B. With suffixes the in is assimilated to the
suffix, e. g.,
^atUa (for ^atH-yd), with my hand
kdtukka, „ thy
^atuiiu, „ his „ etc.
§ 67. Mimation,
To nouns the particle ma or m is often appended. This
is called mimation. It does not seem to affect the meaning
or significance of the word to which it is attached.
§68.
Declension of a noun.
MASCULINE
FEMININE
Early form Late form
Early form Late form
Sing, nom
kalbum kalbu
kalbatum kalbatu
gen.
kalbim kalbi
kalbatim kalbati
'^ ace.
kalbam kalba
kalbatam kalbata
Plu. nom.
kalbu kalbanil\l, kalb^
kalbatum kalbdttl\l
gen. ace. kalbl kalbanl, kalbi
kalbatim kalbati
Du. nom.
kalban kalban, kalbin
kalban kalban, kalbdji
gen. ace. kalb^n kalba, kalbi
kalbin kalban, kalbaji
§69.
Vocabulary,
kalbu '■= dog
Sada = mountain
girru = expedition
ilu = god
iulmu = peace
iumu = name
liSanu -= speech
maru = son
libbu = heart
belu = lord
abu = father
amelu -^^ man
Digitized by VjOOQIC
47
biltu = lady mdrtii = daughter
dimtu = tears kibratn ■-= region
Sarru = king ma^azu = city
kalmatu = insect
§ 70. Exercises,
V m^ XiM V T-- :s:, ^\\< -IM i^If ^^^<
-^I, <T^ ^I ^V m tU ^IT I^ -I<, ^H
m ^ ^ITT -^L ^T }\< -Al ^H ^11 -<
^ITI -K ^^ I--, ^ -^11 ^\} -<!<, ^I H<
m EI -^T. ^m ^i \} -K ^in ^T -K ^m ^i
j^IIT.
CHAPTER XXI
§ 71. The construct state,
1. When a noun stands by itself it is in the absolute
state \ when one noun, in the genitive, is joined to another
it is in the constrtict state,
2. A noun in construct state, if it is sing^ar, nom. or
ace, generally drops the case-ending u or a. If the noun
is in the genitive, the / of the genitive does not disappear.
In some words a%hort vowel of the stem has already dropped
out before the case-ending and this in the Construct reappears,
e. g., zikru, "mention", zi-kir Su-mi-SUy "mention of his name".
The terminations, dniy ati. Hi and nti, of plural nouns usu-
ally become an, at, H and Ut,
3. Another way of expressing the genitive relation
Digitized by VjOOQIC
48
between two nouns is by the relative pronoun ia, e. g.,
ildni Sa Sam^,
§ 72. Apposition,
When two substantives are in apposition it is not essen-
tial that they should agree in number. Thus, a noun in the
singular sometimes stands in apposition to one in the plural,
e. g., al&ni bit Sarru-tiy "cities, roydl dwellings '. The same
applies to participles used as nouns.
§ 73.
§ 74.
Construct of ilu and biltu.
MASCULINE
FEMININE
Sing. nom. gen.
ace. il
bHit
Plu. nom.
iln
bilat
gen. ace.
ill
bilat
Du. nom.
ila
bilta
gen. ace.
iU
bilti
Vocabulary.
tubbu = joy
kiSadu
= bank of a river
bdbu = gate
apsU
= ocean, abyss
Samn = heaven
ir^itu
^= earth
bftu = house
ialatu
= to pierce
§ 75. Exercises.
M ^I. ::1 ^Vf -mVi ^T. t] ^T! t^l <Te^
^T t^l m Idl ^!T ]} ^l ^H ^T }}< ^^^
^ C tm V, IDif t^ ^TIT :r^. <m V -^! ]}
-yi<y. .,-T tt:} t^] ^TT ^t, -< i^TTT -HF- K-.
.>f y^^ V ..f t:]} < m -^K !^^ V tit ^\
]} ^y<, ^yy y^^ tyyyy ^;^ ^v, t]]]^ ^ c
Digitized by VjOOQIC
49
CHAPTER XXII
§76
Nouns with
suffixes.
SINGULAR
PLURAL
nouns in m,
f, ?, a
nouns in am
nouns in aiu,
ati, etUy eti
3
m
mariil.
belitsU
mamsn
iarranisn
bitdtHU
U
3
f.
miirid.
bilitsa
mamsa
iarraniSa
bifdrnd
bo-
2
m
markdy
bHitka
mamka.
SarrHnika
bitdtikd
c75
2
f.
markf,
bilitkl
mUnlkl
iarrdnikf
bitdtikl
. I
c.
marl.
bHitiia
mariCa
Sarramia
bitdteid
3
m
mariunil,
bilitsuntt
marU$unil
SarrdniSuna
bitdtiiiinU
a
3
f.
niarHna,
bilitsina
marnHna
Sairaniiind
bifdmind
^<
2
m
markunU,
bilitkunil mdrnkunil iarrdnikiinil bifatikunfl
K
2
f.
markina.
bilitkina
mdrnkina
iarrdnikind
bitdtikind
I
c.
marnl,
bilitiil
mdrttiil
iarrdnifit
bitdtinl
Notice: In Genitive always
mart- (instead of w5r)!!
§77
.
Vocabulary,
S 78
bifltti
= sin
idu = hand, side
<t!r ^^H ^T <m ^T. JI ^^ Jl -^TT V
-TH U ^, -^11 HI ^- I -7^. -^TT Hf r:^
I -7^, -< ^V^ <I- -^T. -< -^IT <T- -^I. I^ ^-
in- M < -!< 1 9^. ::^ !^n -^ii -<t< ^^ . :^
HI ^IT If jrEl 'pTT -^T. <III HI.^TI W -<T<
Digitized by VjOOQIC
50
CHAPTER XXIII
THE ADJECTIVE
§ 79. Declension of Adjectives,
Adjectives are declined in precisely the same way as
nouns, and are of two genders, masculine and feminine. The
masculine plural of adjectives is formed by means of the
termination nti, the feminine plural by the termination nti,
or iti, e. g., gamru, plu. gamrilti\ dannu, plu. fem. dannati\
limnu, plu. fem. limniti,
§ 80. Comparison of Adjectives,
1. The degree of comparison is usually expressed by
an adjective with a long final vowel, e. g., iaplu, lower;
mabfUy former; ilenU, upper. Sometimes it is expressed by
means of the preposition ili or ^ir, over, e. g., ^ir Sa abburti,
more than in the native place (lit, more over (that) of the
native place).
2. The superlative is usually expressed by means of
ina, in, among; or Sa, of, e. g., rabil ina (or So) ildni, the
greatest of the gods.
§ 81. Vocabulary,
gamru = complete dannu = strong
limnu = evil rabu = great
dam^u = favourable iapltt = lower
mabm = former elenil == upper
§ 82. Exercises,
^^\ x:^% <I- ^ x:\\ ^!<. ^T :^ J^^
m 9^. ^W -A Vi -<!<. m ^ ^V B^II ^-
-K m ^\ \} n ^TI V- tlTT!^, !:m 9^. E^IT
^- <. :ri]f ^^IT ^ <, ::rTk :^ m v ^jn
Digitized by VjOOQIC
^T<, tm^ tm -m^ -^n ^jn < v m -m^
tm s^m. V ^jn ^m, m^ tm -<h ^n
§83.
(
:hapte
R XXIV
NUMERALS
Cardinals.
NUMBER
SIGN
PRONUNCIATION
I
T
iiten
2
IT
iina
3
ITT
Salaiu
4
V
arbdu
5
W
Ipamiu
6
;^
iiSSu
7
¥
siba
8
W
sain&nu
9
i
tiSu
10
<
eiru
II
<T
iiten-eiru
12
<IT
iina-eSru
20
«
eSrS
30
<«
ialasa
40
f
irba
50
f
bania
60
T
iuiSu
70
K
siba
4*
Digitized by VjOOQIC
NUMBER
SIGN
PRONUNCIATION
80
T«. m
satnana
90
T«<
iisn
100
h .
me
200
in-
iina-vte
600
r
tier
1000
<T-
limit (orig. Itmti)
2000
TT<I-
Sina-llmu
3600
iar
In
the sexagesimal system
Tis
the mathematical unit;
in the
decimal system it is \.
Thus, by the sexagesimal
system,
1 92 1 would be
> «<TT I
and
by the decimd system,
§ 84. Ordinals.
The ordinals are formed by using the cardinals with
^^, kam, following, e. g., J ^fiS» mabrH, first. Second is
^aitU', third, ial$u\ and fourth, rebil. The others were usually
pronounced like the ordinals.
§85.
Fractions,
NUMBER
SIGN
PRONUNCIATION
i
HF-
vtiilu
1
U
$u$ianu
1
III
Hnipti
1
:h[
parap
§86.
Distributives,
These are formed either by adding -hi or --anu, e. g.,
Hten-Su , twice, or Sanianu. In earlier texts the word for
"time" is ddu, e. g., ddi Siha, times two = twice. "Both" is
expressed by killallen, e. g., killalle-iumc, both of tliem.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
53
§ 87. Exercises.
K ^^< -HP V, <« ^M ^IT ::^II JI <«
m <I- ^T <« m <V -^I ^ -I< V, V
-ET V, <T- -^L ^11 ::^II ^I, -I< ^^^t]^
<« ^JG, V -EI JI, ::^I ^I -IL ^ --I :^III:^,
JI "^ Jf, ^11 -^I <« m Ss -^I tlll:r <«
m ::^II ^I -II <« m H< :=:^ JI <« m
^I< JI <« m m 1^ JI, ^IT -^I <« m
V -EI JI <« m :s -^I If ^11 -^l ^ EI
V^, ^ ^T ^y, <T- ^ 1i<^^, <!::: t^^i M, Jf
^] V V^, <I- ^< L I]f <I^- <I- -^I, <IEI r
-E^II !^I^ I 9^.
CHAPTER XXV
ADVERBS
§ 88. Adverbs of manner.
ki-a'am, so, thus, e. g., if^rn/ ki-a-am i-kab-bi, thus saith
the king.
md, umma, thus, as follows, e. g., ti-e^mu uUte-ru-m
nta-a, they brought me news as follows.
§ 89. Adverbs of time,
adily now, e. g„ a-du-u u^mu-uS'SU u-sal'lay now daily
do I pray.
Other adverbs of time are: umdy now; eninnu, now
(opposed to "formerly"); matlma, matema, whensoever, at
any time; with negative, never.
§ 90. Interrogative adverbs,
mimi, mlnu, mini, how? e. g., a^na-ku-ma mi^i-nu a-^ab-
bi, how shall I speak?
Digitized by VjOOQIC
54
Other interrogatives are: ana mini, ammijii, ammltii,
why?; adi mati, how long?
§ 91. Negative and prohibitive adverbs.
In, ul, not, e. g., ia la ik-nu^iu a-na ni-ri-ia, who had
not submitted to my yoke; ul a-kul, I have not eaten.
la, in prohibitions, is followed by the present, e. g., la
tal'lak, do not go.
ai, not, particle of prohibition, is followed by the pre-
terite.
e, not, particle of prohibition, is used with the second
person singular of the preterite.
§ 92. Adverbs of emphasis.
In, verily, is placed before the third person masc. sing,
and plu., and the first person, sing, and plu. of the preterite.
It usually emphasises the verb, but not always, e. g., al-lik
and lu'U al-Hk, I went. When the verb begins with the
vowel u. In may combine with it to form a single word,
e. g., a-iar-Su^nu lu^maS-ie-ru (for In umaSSirU), their place
they deserted.
In, as a precative particle is employed with the pre-
terite and the permansive to express a wish; e. g., 3. s.
liSkun, I. s. luikun,
I, come !, cohortativc particle, is used with the first per-
son plural of the preterite.
i, I, up!, cohortative particle, is used with the second
person singfular of the imperative.
§ 93- Adverbs appended enclitically.
ma is appended for emphasis to pronouns, nouns, verbs
and adverbs, e. g., at-ta-ma klma ^^'^SamaS, since thou art
like Sama§.
mi is appended for emphasis to verbs, especially in re-
lative clauses.
n is appended as an interrogative particle.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
§ 94.
i^95.
55
The adverbial ending iS.
The ending is or eS is very common, e. g.. rabU, great-
ly; elis, above; SapliS, he\o^\ $alme$y ^eSiCeiwWy ] umiiamma,
daily {is with reduplicated ma for strengthening).
The ending anis means in many cases "like", e. g.,
abttbd7iis, storm-like, flood-like.
Vocabulary .
§96.
kabii, kibi
I ^^ to speak
timu --= understanding, news
umussu
= daily
sala = to pray
kanilSu
= to submit
fifni = yoke
akalu
= to eat
aldku = to go
iiptu
^= incantation
mar^u = sick
tebn
= to dravyr near
aSru ^= place
masnru
= to leave
ep^Su =^ to do, make
Saimu
= battle
ana = to
aradu
= to go down
kiSiu = wood
martu
:= daughter
Exer
vises.
T ^T -TT<I t^]} v^-ffi< ti:?^ <M T]f :^ ^t
^-^ ::4, j:!^ ^ ^T v^T W !^ ^T If ]} ^] t:mt
^! ^ ^-T<I ^^!T ^nit ^ -tl Tl -^T m t]
Sfi -TT<T ^m <s^]^ ]} -^, -EI -IH ^JH. <T- <w
<m 1} T^ -T<k -M --1 1 t.]h tt]] t]} t^m
tt] A, m iH. m ^m^ -i<j ih. t^ ^iH
^ 9^ M HP ^ m tE s?: y- :^T V ^ ET.
<::T^ If -^I I^ i^III:^ :^II- -<I< ->f ►^ <:=I^ m r
Digitized by VjOOQIC
56
CHAPTER XXVI
PREPOSITIONS
§ 97. In Assyrian prepositions are sometimes written phonetic-
ally and sometimes ideographic ally. The following are the
principal prepositions, together with their ideograms and the
forms they most commonly assume when written phonetically.
PREPOSITION
IDEO-
GRAPHICALLY
PHONETICALLY MEANING
ina
»-
::^-^T
in
ana
T
T^-^T
to
iitu
t^TIT
X:i\\ -m
from
ultu
s^TTT
<tv -m
from
itti
m
^T ^T<
with
eli
<-:^H
!^T]f-^!I
on, upon
iir
C:^f
:^eIT:w
on, against
adi
-II
T^<Tt^
up to, to, to-
gether with
gSdu
:=TTT-^ t^I
up to, to, to-
gether with
arki
-^^^^
<!-!!<! <IiI
after, behind
bala
-Am
without
kl
m^^
like, as
klma
<^T
<Iif^T
like
aiiu(m), orig.
^I
concerning, be-
ana Sum
cause of
kttm
I^ <TTT
instead of
kirib
m m
in, within
libbi
^TTT
^in;^
in, within
pant
<T-
t^ 5?:
before
Digitized by VjOOQIC
PRE-
IDEO-
POSITION
GRAPHICALLY
ntabar
habal
E<«<|
kabalti
K«<l -^T<
blrit
put
57
PHONETICALLY MEANING
^y 4^^ before
►-J ►►-Ji^ in the midst of
►^y ►^y-^ ►^yx in the midst of
tij ^yrr between
1i^^ ^y opposite
§ 98. There are compound prepositions:
ina mubbi ^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^y ^"^tlf -^ on, concern-
ing , against
ana inubbi \ ^^^^f "W ^^\ ^^"►tJ -^ o"» concern-
ing , against
ina blri ^ ^^\ ^ ^yy<y between
ana tar^i y^ ►-^y ►►^ ^^yy against
ina tar^i ►- ►►^ ^yy opposite
iitu tar^i ^yy ►g^y ►Kr t^yy from, since.
§ 99. There are other compound prepositions, such as: ina
eliy ana eli, upon; ina kirib, ina kirbi, in; etc.
CHAPTER XXVII
CONJUNCTIONS
§100. The following is a list of the principd Assyrian con-
junctions:
u = and (connecting words
as well as sentences)
ma = and (connecting two akl Sa = as
verbs; appended to the first) adi = while, so long as.
/ = as,
kl Sa)
when
enuma
inuma
inu
inum
= when
till, until
iStu I ^
u/tu ) ~
arki $a ^^ after
smce
Digitized by VjOOQIC
58
§ioi.
§ I02.
iumma = if
In ... , In = either
... or
\ = because
a$Su )
= whether .
In .... n = either
... or
, . . or
in 1
= whether .
... or
n [ = or
In nln --= either .
... or
n in J
= whether .
... or
Vocabulary.
bain = to be
bafin ^^ to make
pitn = to open
babu = gate
aviatu = word
nakaru = to keep
nakaru = foe
ain = hostile
mama = any
Sann = other
mdru = son
marfu = daughter
Exercises.
EI, ^ I V. ^ L M. <hm m> m i <\-m
m <>i^t^ <m -HF- O! ^! <T^ -^i.
^y -^y t^yyy <w ^m r? -»^t n v^-, ^ i v ii
Digitized by VjOOQIC
59
SYNTAX
CHAPTER XXVIII
§ 103. The noun.
1. Nouns are found in three states, emphatic, absolute,
and construct.
(i) The emphatic state is marked by a suffixed vowel,
e. g., i^arru, king.
(2) The absolute and construct are illustrated in §§ 64
—75-
2. The accusative, as well as indicating the object, ex-
presses the direction towards which, e. g., AUur, to Assyria;
it cJso expresses time, e. g., um 13 kan, on the thirteenth day.
3. A double accusative follows such verbs as epHu, na-
danu, etc.
4. The genitive relationship is expressed by:
(i) the construct state of the first of two nouns, e. g.,
!^ar iarrani, king of kings,
(2) i^^^, e. g., iangu Sa Bil, priest of Bel,
(3) ia and a pronominal suffix, e. g., alaniiu ia Assur*\
the cities of Ass)rria.
5. Two nouns may stand in apposition, e. g., zunnu
nuffSu, rain, flood.
§ 104. The adjective.
I, The words kalu, gimru, gimirtu, with a suffix to ex-
press "all", stand in apposition to their nouns, e. g., mautti
kaluina, the lands, their totality; Hani gimraiun, all gods.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
6o
2. The word gabbu, all, follows its noun without a suffix,
e. g., mdtdti gabbu, all lands.
3. The adjective regularly follows its noun, e. g., i^arru
dannUy the mighty king.
4. If the noun has a suffix and is qualified by an ad-
jective, the suffix comes between the noun and the adjective,
e. g., mulmullHa za^tilti, my sharp arrows.
5. When an adjective qualifies more than one noun, it
comes after the last, e. g. , matati u ffurSHni dannilti, the
mighty lands and mountains.
6. An adjective with a collective noun may be in the
singular or plural, e. g., i^sUr iami muttapriSu, or mutiapri'
SUti, the winged birds of heaven.
7. An adjective with a gentilic noun is put in the plural,
e. g., Madaia rukuti, the district Medes.
§ 105. Numerals,
1. The cardinal numerals, 3 — 10, are either placed be-
fore their nouns (in genitive), or after them in apposition,
e. g., sibitti Umf, seven days; Sar kibrHtim ar bairn, king of
the four quarters.
2. Usually the noun with a number above 10 is placed
in the sing^ar, e. g., 10 000 arltUy 10 000 shields.
3. The distributive numerd is formed by means of the
cardinal with the suffix -j?«, e. g., SiniSu, twice.
4. Ordinal numerals are treated as adjectives, e. g., ina
Satti Salulti, in the third year.
§ 106. Vocabulary.
mitiku = course girru = expedition
sisn = horse epiUu = deed
tUbu = good aSrn = place
rflku ^= distant SemU = to hear
ttikultu = help
Digitized by VjOOQIC
6i
§ 107. Exercises.
^ ^T T- ^i< -I<y.^ t]}< -TI<I ^t]l ^^
y--- ^^>^ ^^ ^]]<l t^]^ V ^TT I~
jrlllt -]]^ t}}< ^ I, ^^ E^TI v^- tint fcg:?^
:^Tn ^^ ^ ^IIT -+ I— ^ ^ -^T -<^ -<!< -HP
CHAPTER XXIX
§ 108. Verbal nouns.
1. The participle takes its object in the genitive, e. g.,
imid SarrHni, the subduer of kings.
2. The infinitive is used as a noun, e. g., naddn Hani,
restoration of the gods; or as a verb, e. g., iuttu paiam, to
interpret a dream.
§ 109. The finite verb.
1. An independent pronoun may replace a verbal suffix,
e. g., uSanna ia-a-tiy he told it to me.
2. A noun in the indirect object is introduced by ana,
e. g., ana ga-ti^ia umallu, he entrusted to me.
3. Some verbs govern two accusatives, e. g., ial^il, to
gfive some one to drink, etc.
§ 1 10. Vocabulary.
iipu = foot ^abatu = to set forth
kanasu = to prostrate nazdzu = to take up
ummanu = troops nararu = help
ezibu = to save biltu = present
mandatiu == gift
Digitized by VjOOQIC
62
§111. Exercises.
<^ K- ttVi tT -^T -m^ V( ^\ <^ V
<Tt^ ^V( -m M ^^ C^TT « -<T< }] ^^\ ^
^T -<T< I ^ tmt ^ -TTv ^T. <m EI -^T
jy ^yy ^^ .yy^ y... i y^^ ^y v ty^ -E^yy,
Ji^A^]}] <\-m t] m] ^t] s^yyy tt ^y <-tH
A ^ ^ ^ Igf :ry]^f
. CHAPTER XXX
§112. The Simple Sentence.
1. Declaratory sentences are common, e. g., /7« damlku,
god is gracious.
(i) The gender and number of the predicate are de-
termined by the gender and number of the subject.
There are, however, many exceptions.
(2) The object of a transitive verb may precede or
follow it.
2. Negative declaratory sentences take the particle la,
e. g., emUlk la nlbi, a countless army; ttl is also used, e. g.,
/// iiemtnUy they hear not.
• 3. Prohibitive sentences are expressed, (i) by la, e. g.,
la tasakip, cast not down ; (2) by lu la, e. g., i^rr// /« /^
i'pa-lah, let the king fear not at all; (3) by a-a, e. g., ^Z-
^/-r^i a- a irii, burial shall he not receive; (4) by f, e. g., ^
tassairf, do not turn around.
4. Optative and cohortative sentences are expressed, (i) by
In, e. g., //Z balfata, mayest thou be weU; li-ib'lu'Uf (for la
ibluf), let him live; (2) by f (^), e. g., / ni-pU'Ui $a$ma, let
us fight with each other.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
63
5- Emphatic sentences are expressed by /;7, e, g„ In allik,
I certainly went.
6. Interrogative sentences are expressed by an enclitic
n, e, g., i-zir'tu-n ina tibbi iafrat, is a curse written thereon?
The negative is ul, e. g., «/ a-na-ku-U, am I not.
7. Relative clauses are usually introduced by i^i, the verb
ending in a vowel, e. g., Sa itbalu, who had carried off.
Sometimes the ia is omitted, e. g., bUu ipuiu, the house
which I built.
8. Conjunctional relative clauses are introduced by a
conjunction (or preposition), the verb ending in a vowel,
e. g., ultu emedu ntdtaSu, after I had subdued his land.
9. Conditional clauses are usually introduced by the
particle iumma, e. g., Sumnta aSSata tnussu izJrma, if a wife
takes a dislike towards her husband. But the particle may
be omitted, e. g., iarru ana dfni la fgul, should the king
not obey the laws.
§113. The Compound Sentence.
1. Copulative sentences are often placed side by side
without any connecting particle. But when they are joined
by a copula, the particle is u in nominal sentences, and ma
in verbal sentences, e. g,, Sunu li^tuma anaku luniid, let
them perish, but let me increase.
2. Circumstantial clauses are expressed by the present,
the principal verb having an enclitic ma, e. g., innabitma
iba^am ziknaiu, he fled, tearing his beard.
§ 1 1 4. Vocabulary,
balafu ^= to live
Sakdnu
'-= to set
iaparu = to send
magaru
= to be favourable
ma^atu = to fall, to overthrow istaritum
= a goddess
paiaru = to annul
tabn
= to approach
^ibltu = command
maSil
= to forget
amilu = man
ardu
= slave
agaru = to hire
matu
= to die
epiStu = deed
Sfru
=^ flesh (heart)
Digitized by VjOOQIC
64
§115. Exercises.
-^TT HI m % ^ V M. M ^ EV.
^T lif ^^ \\ EI --T< iai< ET -a -TT<. m ^IT^
-^T <^TT -^H 'gIT t!n:r t\\\^ m -^T. V
-T<^ JT :^T. V :r^TT M ^. :::^n t^ITT -TT<T
;:^Ii <::T^ T Igf t^TTT- M -TTT- :^I<J K -ET
-TH ^jrr. Tf ET -<T< -ET HI ^ ^ ^H- If Tf
^T ^T<T s^ITT^ :s:. ^If -TT<T IH. m -IITT -^H
<::^ A>ff 4- <T-. e-i!^ <IiI V If -^r fc^^ W
^m ^Jn, t^ ET If ^I- t:^«= <I^IT<T ^TI 5^^
1^^ IH ET ^>ff -^I n fc^:?^ "gll HI "^TT
-^T Jl If -^I <F :s -^ ^I <I-M -^
CHAPTER XXXI
§.ii6. Model Analysis.
TEXT
ty^ .^yy ^i:^ y^.^ e^ <M ^ If i^ T
<Igf tyyf V ^ c4 tyyyt ^ <m :;^i t^i -^i
^ < If yf -^y ^yy yf <iii ff< -^T If v^l <Miil
tif <iEy ^ V >^ c:; :=^II -^11 --H ^^f
'^\ I ty^ff i:yf ^jDfi <lll El tint I- m tllf
-tyy y- A4f ^l- --II V t^l --^l ^ -lift If
^y<y^ jy y^\ eI yf -^I <tt ^-m< v -Hf- A
<m tyyyt ^tf^f W ^ -t\ m ff< -+ HM
- <m tiif ^^M <m J^TI IH :^ ET tyyyt
Digitized by VjOOQIC
65
tint s^ ^miJ -HF- ^ < -HF- <W -^ ^E ^T
tET <m !^T]f tllf ^. <m ^t]} t^TI E^TI ]} ^T
K]] A^ t>^]] ^.
TRANSLITERATION
e-h Sarrdfii ^^ff^^^^ ki-fia-a-ni Sa ki-rib ^otuMu-^ur u-pa-
ki-du abu ba-nu-u-a a-na da-a-ki ^a-ba-a-te u e-ki-mu
matuMu'^ut il-li^ka ffr-uS-iu-un e-ru-um-ma u-iib ki^-rib
aluMe-im-pi alu $a abu ba^nu-u-a ik-iu-du-ma a^na mi-^ir
matu iluAsurki wtir-ru al'la-ku Ipa-an-fti ina ki-rib Nind^i
il'lik-am^ma u-ia^an-na-a ia-a-ti eli ip-ie-e-ti an^na-a-ti
lib'bi i'gu-ug-ma i^-^a-ru-ub ka-biMi ds-ii kat&i^-ia u-sal-li
i^^ASur u ii^Iitar Aiiur-t'tu ad-ki-e e-mu-ki-ia ^i-ra-a-te Sa
i^t^ASut u ii^Iitar u-mal-lu-u katu^^-u-a a-na ^otuMu-^ur u
fnatuKu-U'St uS'te-ei'Se-ra bar^ra-nu,
TRANSLATION
Against the kings (and) governors, whom in Egypt, the
father who begat me had installed, to slay, to plunder and
to seize Egypt he marched. Against them he went in and
settled himself in Memphis, a city which the father who
begat me had conquered, and to the border of Assyria had
annexed. A swift messenger into Nineveh came, and in-
formed me concerning these matters. My heart was wroth
and stirred was my spirit. I raised my hands; I prayed
unto A§ur and I§tar of Assyria; I summoned my supreme
forces, which Asur and Ktar had filled in my hands, (and)
to Egypt and Ethiopia I directed the way.
5
Digitized by VjOOQIC
66
ANALYSIS
eli prepoisition, against, on, upon,, concerning.
$arrani noun, plu. masc. of Sarru, king, gov. by eli.
anielu determinative for male persons.
kipdni noun, plu. masc. of ^ipil, governor, gov. by eli,
ia rel. pron, referring to Sarrani and kipdni,
kirib preposition, in, within.
matu determinative for countries.
Mu^ur Egypt.
upakidu third masc. sing. Pret. Paal, variant of upakkid,
from the verb pa^ddu, to entrust, II, to install.
abu father.
banna psirticiple Qal, from the verb banil, to create, to beget,
with first per. sing, suff., my begetter.
ana preposition, to.
daki infinitive, governed by ana, from the verb daku, to slay.
babdte infinitive, governed by ana, from the verb habdtu,
to plunder.
u conjunction.
eklntu (for ekintu) infinitive, governed by ana, from the verb
ekintu, to seize.
illika third matsc. sing, Pret. Qal, with overhanging a (see
p. 68) from the verb alaku, to go, to march. The sub-
ject of the verb is really abu,
^fruSSUn preposition ^Jr, on, upon, against, phonetic uS, pron.
suffix SUn, them, for ana ^iri-iun, see § 66, 4.
erilmma variant for erilb^-ma, Thu-d masc. sing. Pret. Qal,
from the verb er^bu, to go; with the conjunction via.
The subject is abu,
uiib third mstsc. sing. Pret. Qal from the verb aSdbu, to
dwell, to settle. The subject is abu.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
67
alu is determinative for cities. The next alu is an ideo-
gram, meaning city,
ikiuduma third masc. sing, Pret. Qal from the verb kasadu,
to conquer. The subject is abu, ma is a conjunction.
mi^ir construct of the noun mUru, border. It is dependent
upon the following noun matu,
i^**ASur is the Assyrian name of Assyria, meaning, with mUtu,
the "land of the god A§ur".
ki is a determinative suffixed to names of places.
utlrru third masc. sing. Pret. Paal from the verb tdru, to
turn, IIj to annex.
allaku noun in the absolute, messenger.
bantu adjective following its noun, swift, originally b^mfu.
ina kirib compound preposition, into.
illikamma, see above ; the first m is a phonetic complement.
usanna third masc. sing. Pret. Paal from the verb SanH, to
repeat, IIj to inform.
iati accusative of the pers. pron. first pers. sing.
ipSiti plu. of the noun ipiitu, matter, thing.
anndti fem. plu. of the dem. pron. annil, this.
libbi noun from libbu, heart, with pron. suff. of first pers.
sing.
igUgtna third masc. sing. Pret. Qal from the verb agagu,
to be angry.
i^^arub third matsc. sing. Pret. Nifal from the verb ^arUbu,
to cry aloud, IVj to be stirred.
kabitti noun sing, with first pers. pron. suffix, from the noun
kabittUy spirit.
aiii first sing. Pret. Qal from the verb naiil, to left up.
kataiJ'ia noun dual with first pers. pron. suffix; from the
noun ^atu, hand.
UsalH first sing. Pret. Paal from the verb salu, II, to pray to.
5*
Digitized by VjOOQIC
68
ASSurUu, the ending i/u indicates a gentilic noun,
adk^ first sing. Pret. Qal from the verb c/tkfl, to summon.
emukia noun plu. from entti^u, might, with first pers. pron.
suffix.
pirate adjective plu., following its iioun, from ^tru, high,
supreme.
umallil third masc. plu. Pret. Paal from the verb main,
to fill.
uUHiera first sing. Pret. Ishtafal from the verb eiiru. III,
to direct (the way). The final a is an example of the
way in which all forms of the verb which end in a
consonant may take one of the three short vowels a,
i, or « 2ts an overhanging letter; [but originaUy the
forms ending in a are the modus of continuation (-^f
from ^an, comp. illikam^ma for illikan^ma), F. H.]
I^atila "in my hand", see § 66, 4; for ana katla,
barrnnu noun, direct object of the preceeding verb, mean-
ing way.
This text is taken from AsurbanipaPs Rassam-Cylinder,
I, 57 — 68; repeated in p. 7 if.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
69
CHRESTOMATHY
TITLES HND DEEDS OF HflMMURHBI
m H "^n -^T ji '^' r^f ^i <t- m -^ ^i
<.> <y^ig[j .^ <j:^^y ^y .^y oc y^ ^y ^
CO ^j^ c», ^yy ^y >-;^ ^yyyy ^ (u> ^^^ .y^
^■«> :rtl ^ E^ri t^ *■" lin :ii^T s^TTI s^ a r^
''" t^^ ^TT Idl ^TT -m JT "" Tl ^I <T-
Digitized by VjOOQIC
70
''' ri -^r ^iT -tTT Tf -i^v '^^^ lai <Mif v^ <y
-f ^T '^" -^T ^TT i^ -^ <»T '"' Tf -^I M
-> "gTT :r^TT -^T ^T <m '^-^ t^TI N -C-V
'^^' fci^ t^Ss fc^:^ -:^rT '^^^ -EI fcU !^ <j-m
uo yi ^y ^^ ^j ^^ ^y^ u. ^^yy >-; j-<yy
'"" M -T^ ^- ^I JT <TIT (Br.Mus., No. 122 15 and
comp. L. W. King, The Letters and Inscriptions of Ham-
murabi, III, p. 177 — 179; line 42 is to be transcribed Sarrit
in iar-ri "a king for the kings", var. iarru in iarrl-i&).
II
THE SIEGE OF DHMHSCUS AND THE TRIBUTE
OF JEHU
- m} -^v T— m} <^iv<^ V( -IT-
^] -TT^ m ^}^ V< T-- I ^T s^lIT D t]
^} ATI I-- I Tl ^r t] A-Jh T ^r -:^H
Tl V ^ ^ ^jn ^T n^TT V ^]] V ^- ^T V
!^m -^T -^I Tf ^T :^m 9^ ^T< I ::^T -TA-ffl
^T -<!< I t^ t:^/ 4^ ty <l- <T- I ^
lif y^ ::yyy:: j^yyy^ tyyy y <y- y y^ «y ::y a
y— I V f- y< :^yTy! - m i ^y -<v xm t]
Digitized by VjOOQIC
71
<l^ ^ mil -s^TI « -T< I tTf ^-ffi I J^T fc^H
y^ J .^ <^ yi <yt|, ^ ^^y^ ^ H< ^TTT:^ ^"^TI
^ T]f IH -^TT T— -^ If -^r -^T ET ^ J}
^yy^jf. ^y <y5^ y^f jh ^| c^yy « ^y< y| - ^m
^TT ]} 11 V t^TT :;^T ^T TMI V I t^TI ^TTT:^
]] t^ -T<T <nT -TT<T -E ::;^ A^ (b. m., nos. , m^
and 114^, Salm. Ill; see also Del., Ass. Les., 5. ed., p. 60).
Ill
HSURB/INIPHL'S FIRST EGYPTIAN C/lMPflIGN
j:e ^t -^ii -im til m -Ti<i t^]} ]} ^]
V '^III :r^ < V I- tllK ||< IiII< ^H IH I
-^ :=^ tUTt « V >^ <J=; < V M ::III:: "^11
•gll I -^A -V - « V ->f ^ <III ::EI -^I
^ < II <I- <I- I S::<II lif 9^ EI tE -< M V
.^11 <hm JT < I -r jr^rH ^I -^I -Hf-
->f A -HP <W < -HP I— EI- I— -n I—
tEll A4f <I- EI ^I t^ITI a 11 ^I til .^
^11 « tE I til -^11 tE^ I— K^ <Iif
til sfr II :^ V <Ig[ till V >^ <:=: triii:: ^
Digitized by VjOOQIC
72
<m t;^] tt] ^ < iM^ ^T m ]} <m }}< -^]
<m m -tir y a^ ^t- -^ti w i^t] ^ < ij
-TT^ ^':m <m t^]] ih ^^ et tint t ->f
! r? t^ET^ 1^ -<T< <-tH HI ^ ty^ -^T< -^
A-fff -tH tTTTT ^r< fe <V ^Ttt t^N t^lH^
t]} t:^ tTI ^ <m ^]} -t]] MT T]f ^T W
-HhA < -Hh <W ^mt r^iT M < JTtt < Ilf T]f
E^n .51^ MT -7^ - T- -T< -T<T^ m -TM
:^T? « If -H^ TI ci^ ]^W]}A ^T -1^^^
^IT D ^ :^ i^ET? s^TTT J^IT- t^TTT I ^ -^M
tlTTT ^T - -KI -TM ::^T^ ::^n Mi « ET
tW ^T fe <T- ^^ mj i^t]} t^i^]^W
tim .^iT 9^ -r< II ^i ^T ^TT ^jn < ^t<
Digitized by VjOOQIC
73
m V ^ a -^I- T--- :??: ^T D t^ fif:
^^If IH ^jn A ::^n <WH <]^ i^]} t] t]^
IH II <T!^ -tir '^m -HF- ^ ^T< T -. ::«
t^iz ^:^ V ^ c^ < V M < n^IKIU s^m
-^iT I- A4 ^T- n m m -im t^r^f ^^n i-
-IBm - -^11 -rT<T tm ^T -J^H Tl EC^
]^ .^ y.^ ^y^ y^^^ ^jj y^^^^ j^y^ y^ ^^yy
m -^T <y- <y ^? ATf I T -- ::^^^ < - <m
^1 AT? I -H^ -TM -TT<T ->f A < -H^ <W :^T
-I<T ^- 1 1] :^]] ^mJI -tl^ -^n -H IH
V «I y- fc^^ < ^y< tt]} ^y<y^ ^^y ^ i ^y
JT ^I -H^ <m -tTT T- A4f ^K ^IIT:^ HP
EI T]f -^T JI -^TT «=t^ -nv^ -tj^ I ^^ ^]
t^m] ]} ^T <m m -tlT s^ 4i-4- -::TI JI T?
^r fiS -< ^{ AT]f :^ETf ::nrj^ ^ m ^ni!: ^ t-
A4f ^I- < -^TT M If in t^^ M ^ -IT<T
fci^ -:ryy jteIT ^->f >^]^hW -^ -T<T ^jn
Digitized by VjOOQIC
74
,^^ >-tv. ^] tt] -M m^ i^-Bw m
^ ^.^ i^y^ j^;- ^::yy ^, j^y ^ ^yy,y >^
y ^y ^.^ <ig^ ::y^ ^^^^ ^^jj^^^^^^^^
T v^- m ^h -<]< fci^ -tIT II A-Hh -v^
I t^TTT:^ -^T ^ -9^ fc^:^ -::TT -^T t^T -T<T ^^TTT-
T A^ -^TI t^TI J=II I ti^ -!^TT ^1 9^ ::m:^
^T< T ^- trilt ri Tl ET fei:^ -::TT ^T- ti:^
<r^ <T^ T ^TT "^IT ^tm t^i ti:^ -^]] '^-
<h ^jn I s= ^y A^^yyy ^y< ^^^ .-tt ^- ^
fc^:^ -^TT A-W 1^ T HI -^T< 41^ <Tk^ t]}
I fe^:?^ -tiT ^r- ||< tt] ^]< -H ^jn till ^v
<igf T -^r ^--m -<]< -!<! tm -hf- ^tt i^
Sf: Idl fei^ -::TT t^ 4i--fflf ^ -^[< T tETT ^^
fc^ -tlT ^ ^ :^ T ^rir^^T- ET Tf re
fc^^ -tTT t^TTT TUf Sf: T t] ->f -<!< T- -H^
A tTI fcg;^ -tiT :^ A-*^ fc^^ T— -+
^ -^T< t:^ -M^ !---- e:^ <lif ^ T]f :«=
•^TI <IiJ tm V ^ C^ iz]]]iz ^ <ig[ t;:<y tET
-^r "7^ < ri V -ET ^ ^Hf- -<!< ii^- ^n --
Digitized by VjOOQIC
75
-TIT -^T< I :^Tf^ - ^ ^T tE I m tt] tm ^^]]
-T<T^ JT :^T T^ -^T <« ^ -<T< ^ ^ -n
-m 1^ i^]} -m]j w ^] h ^:^ tmt
tm C-t] ET mi^ ^^ <m >^ ::t^]] ^ 1} i^T
^T -^T< -T<T -t^ -^T< EI A-H^ <]^ ^ -El
^]< -tlJ tlTII ^]< -jV |.... yj .^y ^yy yj
-^T «=3il <Iif ::^I^? -9^ fei^ I— ->f i,^
^y< EI -^y tty <Iif ;:;:y ^ ]} <y^ -^y^j ^^yyy
mi ::yyy:z -^y :ry c^^ ^jn t] ^ -HP y— et-
T-~ <^ !=T^ v^- -i^-H ->s^II ■/- -<l< A4f I
EI ^TTI ->^T I -7^ -<T< -I<^ ^- ^I ^ <T-IH ^T
^I ■^- -<T< >W ^TT T^ -^I< ^T ^- ^- EI
<:::^ IH -EI m ::^-< A4f -^yy i^y ^yy «
I -m <TTI t]]>^t^i< <t:]t ^y <iiy tm v
^ a tE -^T tin < t] tEl -^l :??: n T
-►try j^ ]^ tB >^ t]} ^mJJ I -^ :^i m^^
« V Igf tiyy:r ^yy y| ^y ^ -^. y^ i]^ t]} <
^ -mi] F tyyy:: t] a-*^ t]} tin t;si^ ^
t^ -I]f I m <m EI -^IT ^^^<-^ -yy<y
fcE:?s :s:: 7 V MI ET ^ tEr^ i^^? t^yyy^
E^IT ]} }h I— V H 41 -II -^I l{ fifi -^11
^-I<T EI ]} ]} Idl -^i <I- - tz -IM ^:m ^
Digitized by VjOOQIC
76
<m t]} -^ -n -^i< ^t]} w ]} ^] j^iiT -iM
I ^ ^T -TI^ -^TI :::^IT v^r ^ A-*^ < ^ v
^ ^y .jp ^y y^ ^y j:-yy ^it:^^^^ t]}
I ::y^^ y^ <y^ y^ E-^yy yf ^y< i ^ ty ^ < c^T
ET ^Tf ^ ^jn HI ^jn ^ ^11 T^ ^T I :^m
fcg;?^ K-- -^ v^ yy tT -< < c^I EI - ;=3
-yy<y -y< -+>f ::^Ty -y ^y< -^^ :^yyyt ^y y-
-y<y jyir < <^yy ^y ^ -4-a « -Hf- y— - -y<y4^
jy ^-y<y .^yy ^ ^y< ^y v ^-Hfff re < -
yf <y^ t]} ^ y-^^ ^y- y— -i^> ^tt I
ty^f tyyyjr -^y 4i-Hh ::e ^y V ty{ v^- v^^y<y
.^yy ^ -y< ti=<y ::yii :r^^ <y-igiy tm y-^^-
^^yy ^ y^ y| ^^yy ^y^ ^g:^ <y:^ <y^ ^tyy t^yy
A->f ^ <y-iay -^yy ^y -y< -^^yy y— ^y
-Ey ^y -^y< i ^ •^yy^ *^ -w ^- ^] <y-ifcy
^y :r^ < ^y- - ty M y-^- ^yyyt tyyyjr mil
^^y tyi J5<y y^ y- ^t. ^t] tyf -yy^ ^- - ^yyy
t^^^^ y— i^t^mm^^] m^
<y <h .^yy 1 1^ w t^i] -iM m ^yyy^ —
-^yy ^- fci^ -^yy « y— -hf- *^ ^]< w
<hM -m t^j] ^T ^ A-HF- < If -^y ^1 4^yf
V -4-A <iiy --y^ im ii^-y<y .^yy ^ ]} -^y
Digitized by VjOOQIC
77
«=SI <m ]} <]^ -mi -TT<T ^]} m- :=^T
tn -^ <MT<T <T- I ET tm^ -^T^ <- i^t} V
-m At^ h ^m^ till t^ .^TT ET m m
<}} -TTA ^TT V t^:m -T< I ^ -TA-fflf I
^^ T— <ll -TTA tmt t- <Iif ^ m '^l
tTI I --ITT ^ *^ ]-t^W' A^m -^TT I
T-— :r^T^ Itt^HF- T— - Tl -^T ^JH t;<T
-II -<]< I Tl <^ .^TT ^Kff JI ^T •^TTt^ T----
tt]} e:^ -T<Tv^ T— TI ^T -!!T -TT<T I ^T
-^T< I ^ ET Tl m^ tt] ^ < ir- -^TT ^
Tl Tl Tl ^T fe^^ < --T< HI ^TTT ^I ^T Tl
^T + ^T t^ I m- 't^m I <hm T -HF-
^ ^ / -^ Sf: t^ I Tl ^T -^TT }h tt] }}<
^IH ^^i tt] jrm -1:^ <HI -^T t:]} -miJ
V !^[ ^ !^TI ^TTT:^ W '^^m ^T ^11 v^- v^-M
^^TT T -- :::2^^ -TTT^ Tf ^H tiSs !^-| -^T
^TT ^JII ^ :rl M -HP A -II t^]} t] -T<T «=i:^
I ET J:^IT IH -I<T^ >^ <I- I tr^m.} ^ T IH
^I ET :s: tTI r^ T V --T I^ < m^ h -
Digitized by VjOOQIC
78
^ Tl ^I ^TTI ^ -<]< I C:^TT -T4i-ffl ^TTT:^
JTt A ^TT ^m V ^^TI Tl ^T -< -M ^^TI
^1 ATI :^^Ti t^ T— V -^A <m m <m
tTTI -^TT T- A4f ^T- ^T -:^H Tl -T --T^
I ^Tll T— V Tl -^T 9^ ^Tl "^TT m t] t]
-^T t^TTT ^ ^-T<T II I J^TII E^w Tl M ll<
-^ IM Tl ^T «=SJ <Iif :^TT IH :=^ ^T
.►y<y^ .-^-y y| ::^y| y| >^]< (vr 1:52-2:27).
IV
ACCESSION PRHYER OF NEBUCHHDREZZHR II
TO MflRDUK
<t]^ -t] 9^ m -II <-^ ^T Tl -^T <T- ET
Tl ^T fc^^w "^TT t^TTT E^TT :^ >^ ET c^TTT
^T t^ ^/- <i-m -TT^ <IIT Ss JT -gTT !^TI
-^TT -:^H ^TT Tl V- ^^T ^] v^T <« ^
^ M K.m JT }H t^l] ^T !^E ^H ^T t^TTT
t^ ::TTT -^TT Tl -^T liT ^Jn ^- <T-Ig[T eT -TTA
E^TT -^H :^ y- -^T< :^TTT^ -T< -^H ^^T t^TTT
t^yyy .^y ^y ^4- :^ ^y ^H ^JH -T< <IIT
-yy "gyy ir^y s?= <T- !£TTT <m^-^^<m
t] ^T <TTT m -tH -< M "^TT -^T ^T ^T
H :^ ^jn -TT41 <tt tm •iT s^TII -< m ^T
-tH ^-TTT< -<T< ^ -TT<T A-HF- A4f :^ ^T
Digitized by VjOOQIC
m T]^ -^ ^T ^m ^t]} M IH A-< ^T W]
lEH ^T IdJ ^T^ <« (I R 53. Col. I 55-n I).
V
FROM ISTftR'S DESCENT INTO HADES
n -^I V 9^ ^^A ]} ^ -T -n<T [c. 3 signs]
. signs] '^^ t^]] -TA-ffl ET ::^ 1^ -HF- <« tTIT^
^^TT ::T?]f [x^ c. . signs] •*' ]} ^y :rinT tT^ <it^
t]} JT ^ -HF- :?^ J^m -^T '^' II ^T tlTTT '^TT
:^TI -IM v^- I -ET Tl C-^ ^^ '*' Tl ^I A^
E^TT S?: '^TT Tl m t^m V -ET s^TTT Tl Tl
-TT- •'' Tl ^T !^im 'gTT ^Tl -M v^- I ->^TI
<m ^ ^m^ ^ t:]]]iz E^TT *^' n ^H :::<IT
4iTI V^- ^- ^-TI .^n -7^ II :^III JI -7^ <It^
^i m ''' -7^ 5^111- ^jn <ti^ A4 El ^jii -
::II m -I< ^ -"^I '"' m M EI <^I :rl t-fe
fl<I t-^ -^ t^ ^I- "•' <-:rH ::I -M^ •< t]
>^]]^ ^ V v^- A^m u im '"' -^m ii
-^I t:^} V ^ Mf4i II - -tH V <]^ W
«'MI ^T e;?^ ^ c^ -^I II t:^ II El c^Ii irT
E^ VIII ^-^^ K?S ^ ^V I- ^11 ^I- t^III II -^I
tt.] -tM '" ^h i£III II -^I tt] ^tH EI M
Digitized by VjOOQIC
8o
"'' ]} -mi }}< ^ -TI<T :::^I^ II m im ]}
t^HI A^^ '"' 1} -Bll }}< ^^ ^TT HI v^-
ET ::TIT^ V --T^ -III :^T -T<T^ T— "''t]]]t
V ^m -eT T]f <:^^ -^T -<T< -^:S[ T— -"^T^
t5^I <::t -^T -^T< '"' E:?ff ^ CrV^ ^ If I tE V-
:ii5T ET tE ^v^ ::^ ^"' ty e^ -^H E'^TT I? -^T
El- K.y< .^ t:<yy .>^ <-^ -^ ^yy^ ^yy-^ ^ ^yyy
-<y< -^y t^yyy ^y -gyy ^ <y- '-' m cy^ IH
^ <iEy M V -4- ^ yi -^y ^m E^yy -y<
->f i^Ey <iiy ^y- hvkh).
VI
ft LftMENTftTION
-»:ry K^y t^y -HP y— 'i^-yyy< ^t^ -^yy
^^y ^^y ^y :^yy 1^]^^^}} tt] IH <m ^y
^< <:: 'i6y Sh v^ ::y]f wy< | ^^y ^y :^y -^r^j^y -Ey
y- '^-yyy< v^y -<^ -yy- -yy^^ tm ^^} :^ ^y ■
<yyy ►^ -^ ::^yy t^yyy -!y<T tm w ^y ^y
y^ w t^]] « t] -t] tE <y^ -y<y < i -< ^ny
tm ^-^-t^mw ^y c^^ w jy -^y ^jn i
^y tty -^yy ^^^ m^^Kt^w^^ -mil
w ^y ]} ^- -^yy ^- v -^ s?: . -< i^yyy
Digitized by VjOOQIC
8i
mT< <;rr^ .^y ^y <yyy t^yy A-^W -TM HI ^y
A->f r 1^ m -<y< If ::^ ^yy i^ : [yi ^-^^ .^yj
<:^T^ ]} -<i^ :=^ <iiy sr^ii V Ey ^<]< \ [y- ::yi
<::yi^ ^ -<y<] -t^v ^y HP -<y< My< I [^yyy ^
^ (K4931).
VII
AN OBSERVATION OF THE MOON
EI m -m ^ ^y j^yyy m ^i «i
^ -HF- <« :?f: s^yyy :ryy- -.f ^^^ < .4- tjn
T]f -^T t^:?^ -II tt]} IH ^JH ^- -^TT T -^I
v-<N'^TT-tyy^yyy^tyy(K7i6).
VIII
HSSYRIHN LETTERS
I.
1} -^T fc^;^ -n t:EN -:::!:y -::H T -^T v-
< ]} ->f -C-^ -4- a^T Tf -^T fc^S -II tElf
IH ^JH ^- ^I f A-< "^fT -c^} ^ ^t yi
- ^yyy ^tyy t]} ^ ^y ^ -y ^j^ ^yy .^
--^ - m ^E -^r -^*) !^m- »^tt m :?f: ::e
*) For this form see the Glossary s. v. ma^atu.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
82
-+^ M < <T^ ^ Tf -^T « -II tt]} -^
-II -HF- ^ -HP <W -^TT -^TT KE^i -^ <W '^TT
J^TTTT <IiI <Tt^ ^ -TT<T ]} ^T « -II -ETI U
tm « T^ ::m « iH ^jn ^- m ^i^ ^m :=^
m ^<^ t=^-< T— Tf -^T « -II tt]} <t <i^
^ <Tt^ -^ If ^i ^11 ^ifT T— ■gIT t^^ -II
:^ET^ T til ^ -4- !^^ y -+ Ti E^TT ^jn «
tt]} JTE ?| 'i^m t] ]} tt] tTITt If - V ^T <m
-M T- :^TI -^< t] ]] f e:?^ ^]f T— m] ^ITT I
<TT s^T^ V ^TT T— - JJtt I -7^ tt ^f -^T
< ^ ^T -TM m ^ITT- ^ - -^ -HP< -< -^<
<It^ -»^n ^ EI If :rET jrlll:: If M I- ^Tf -^<
-II -fflf "^TT fci:^ Tl s^TIT N -^T e^^TT:^ T-
]} -IN IH T]^ ^ :^TTT^ El If -+ 9^ J^^ii^IT -
^^ ^'^ -II ^T]^ v-l<l ^TT :=: -EI a^ I
^^^^-] m M <m f^E -^11 If V- -^i
< ^ If ^I « ^n s^Elf IH :=: E^ C-^T
^^ ^ < -tll W tlll^ «=in If If ^S:-I i^ I
tE :;:?I M :??M -II - ^TTI t^M^-t] t]]]iz
Digitized by VjOOQIC
83
m m^ -+ u <m <t^ -^ -tt<i •^tt ^
Digitized by VjOOQIC
H
SIGN LIST*)
SIGN
SYLLABIC
VALUES
IDEOGRAMS
I.
aSy rufft, dil, fil
ina, in; (V) - «IiI).
A§§ur, the land of As-
syria: it is used also
for the god ASsur, also
for nadanu, to give, and
for aplu, son, heir;
(::I)-V^[,C:|)^^T<,
kussil, throne.
2.
►>-
bal
►^, sometimes used as
sign for plural (e. g.
►^ ►►, Sumati, lines);
^>4rF *"^» bam, seer;
T^ ]& ►^ «-, Idil^lat,
the Tigris.
3.
^^
muk, ntuJ^y buk,
puk
4.
->^T
ba
^^j l^aiu, to give.
5.
-*^TT
zu
►-i^yy, ida, to know; li'il,
wise; •^^^JT ►^►=T» ^/^«^,
: abyss.
*) The numbers are
those to be found in Deutzsch.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
85
SIGN
6. .^!T
8. -^r^
— m
II. ►^
12
.-HP
SYLLABIC
VALUES
Sit, kus, kuS
Sin, Sun,/rug, ruk,
ruk
bal, pal
IDEOGRAMS
ad, at, at, gir
bul, pul
tar^ kilt, kud, ^iit,
kut, HI, fpa^, ffaz
an
maSku, skin ; eribn, to in-
crease; ^^yy ^t^.
fpusabii , Ipuiafpfpu , fa-
mine.
pala, year of reign; na-
balkutii, to cross over;
enii, to make void; na-
^a, to pour out (a li-
bation), to offer (a sacri-
fice); Supilu, to con-
quer; ^^y^ ^ <iif,
the city Aiiur,
patru, dagger; ►►^yyy t:>
a^rabu , scorpion ;
lightning.
{paidru, to loosen.)
nakasu, to cut off; pa-
rasu, to decide; silku,
street.
ilu, god; tamU, heaven;
►■^ ^^y, anaku, lead;
^^T" ^, parzillu, iron;
^►f t^yyy, em, high;
►^ ^^►i ^i/a/«, eclipse ;
►Hf" ^^^ ^^''«» field
(orig. Gir or Suntug,
the god of the field).
Digitized by VjOOQIC
86
SIGN'
.3. --^
14
• -t:H
15. ^-&
,7. -t^
18. -tis
,9. -::iny
20. -::®
23. --M
^VALUKS^ I lOEOGKAMS
(->f) '►•^, ^««r, the
. god; >-t]] '-^, ^i-
J«r, the city; V ->^
al^), Aiiur, the coun-
i try.
i
ka \pn, mouth; iinnu, tooth;
i amatu, word; ^t^tl
' t^lll^, >^^^'7, to speak;
kibUu , command ;
luppu, date; ^t^^
^tl, ^/>r//, battalion.
^^)>/«, incantation; jiadil,
to pronounce a spell.
imtu, breath; E^ '"^I^
^►^11 » kaUapu, sorc-
erer; ^ '^^I^ "^i^T^
kaiiaptu, sorceress.
iabazu , battle (comp.
No. 71).
liianu, tongue ; (V) ^tlj^
i^, Sumer,
I //a^, ;/rt^, wrti^ \f^/^, to drink.
I I akdlu, to eat.
^r (r/, see p. 70) ^/w, city.
ukkin \pubru, unkennu, totality,
full strength.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
87
SIGN
24-
-t]^]
-i^TTir
27-
-^]
28.
SYLLABIC
VALUES
29. -:^{tfT:
ia^, sai, it'i
3«. -el
la .
32. -^T
{pin)
33. -^n
mab
34. -^T
tu
35. -mij
It
36. "^v
bab, papjkiir
47.
^, ^<t
IDEOGRAMS
i^\) ^Ery^^iJT, paaani,
dish.
the south wind, and
comp. 185.
zikaru, male; ^r^i^, slave;
.►.^ -t*ry ^yy. :/;-«,
the plague-god; ^^
^fctf E^^yy Ey-. the
god Ura-gal.
^/'^/z, month; e. g., ^^ — y
j^rt^f/?, wild boar.
ui^iu , foundation ; ^hpS
►■^ I , ikkaru, gardener.
s^lru, exalted; ►^ "^^IL
! lUar,
' ^r^^i^, to enter; ^^T ^H'
suvimatu, dove.
I tj ►•^^yy, buraiu, pine-
1 tree.
• I nakaru , to be hostile ;
nakru, hostile; nakiru,
! enemy; napbar, total;
in proper names it
I means abu, brother,
I and nakaru, to protect.
kul, guly kul, zir ' ziru, seed.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
88
SIGN
SYLLABIC
VALUES
37. ^
38.
39.
40.
4L
43-
44.
-I
-III
45. -^r
46. ^^
48. My<, «-y<
VIU
kad, kaU kat
gil, kil
kat, kad
ru, iub, iup
be, bat, bat, bad,
bit, mit, viif, mid,
til, ziz
na
Sir
ti
IDEOGRAMS
iumu, name; zakdrv, to
name; zikni, name; -ia,
first pers. pron.; in
proper names, nad&uu,
to give; ►^ (^Hf-
►^1), iatlu, year; ►tI^
^ J^, inusarU, inscrip-
tion.
I^a, a measure.
tiadil, to cast; iuml^utu,
to conquest.
matu, to die; mJtu, pagru,
corpse ; damu , blood ;
>->{- ►<, En-lil, £a.
inscribed stone tablet.
Lagai; ^>{- ►! >^^,
ET^, pariltu, alabaster.
lakn, li^n, to take; ►<!<
(►^T), balatu, to live.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
89
SIGN
49
. HF-
51-
9^
SYLLABIC
VALUES
bar, {par)y inai,
mas
nu
52.
-TA
53. -r^-Tff
54. -H -TI
55. -T<T^>-TI^
56.
>-w, ^n^
ig, ik, i^
58.
-T<T4^.
mud, mu(y n
59-
60.
-TV
-TTv^
rad, rat, rat
zi
kun, gun
bii,pag,pak,bag,
bak
nan, nam, sim
IDEOGRAMS
aSaridu, chief; (►Hf") HF"»
Ninib\ >->{- ►f- ►f-,
Nergal; ]} "^ ^
J^ ^^, Idmai,
Diktat, Tigris.
la, ul, not; ^almu, image;
aw^/ ur^i, nukaribbu,
gardener; ►►f- ^
<^T -T<TA. Nu.
dim-mud {Ea).
sibtu, revenue; ^J-^ ^t,
J^«//«, dream.
zibbatu, tail.
i^^nru, bird.
J?fw/tt, fate; paf^atu, pi-
batu , district ; ^►ffl
^ni^» pabatu, gov-
ernor; ►T<T^ •^y<y, si-
nuntu, swallow.
bam, to be; (trj) ►y<yi^,
rfa//i/, door.
napiitu, life; >-yy^ ^y,
/>«««, right; klnu, true.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
90
SIGN
61. -!IA
6.. -M -TTI
63. -mi -TIT.
65. -Til
66. -TI^TI
67. Hh
68. --JJ^
69. ^^
70. -]&
71. "-j^sf
7^. -II
SYLLABIC
VALUES
^/ (comp. 182)
kaby kap
bub, hup
kat, kad,gat,kum,
kum, gum
tint, dim
mun
ag, ak, ak
ID?:OGRAMS
kanu, reed; ^||4^ ^""^I»
kanu, to stand; klnu,
firm;-TTA::^Tr.
diparu, torch.
rubn, noble; >^IIIT I^, ^^-
kallu, wise, master;
comp. too ^yyyy <tT,
tarbasu, womb, hurdle.
$umelu, left.
(I^) Hh, >&//?7, cloth.
/^^/z/, kindness.
epe$u, to make; ^^«;7, to
build; ►•►f- ^]^ and
^]^, Nabil.
tabdzu , battle (compare
No. 17).
^<f/«, lord; ^^/, up to;
-II -TTTT (-^T). —
^artu, watch; ^Yi ^y
y, ku^su, cold; ^n"
II -^TT. ^n
Digitized by VjOOQIC
Qi
SIGN
73. -im
74. ^
75. -^^T
76. -VT
78. 1^
79. ►wl
80. ►sp^
81. 1^:^
82. .^tTf^
83. >^A]
84. -TT
85. '^TI
SYLLABIC
VALUES
dar (rare)
^«r, sur
sa
kar, kan
tik, ti^, [gti)
(ur, dur, tur
gur, kur
si
IDEOGRAMS
^^\l Sin; -HF- -IL
BH; ^Yl am En-
Nippur; E^ •►II
— ^M. baeannu, gov-
ernor.
e^lu, field.
kisadu, neck, bank; ►a^^^
El^, gugallu, director;
Kiltn, Cuthah.
biltu, tribute, talent.
dispu, honey
tdruy to turn; a measure.
^arnu, horn; ^ji \|tt-'
ei^iru, to be straight;
;/«, iltanu, the North^
Wind; (tT) ^}\ V
iigaru, lock, cage.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
92
SIGN
86. *:^]A]
87. '^Ilt^
88.
=TTT
89. '^ITTif
90. t=
91. ►►
92.
^^
93. :^:^T
94. ti:}
95. i^^h^
96. ^ V^T
97. 5^:^
98. tr^I
SYLLABIC
VALUES
far (and comp.
241)
Saky Saky sagy riSy
ris
md
diVy firy tiVy mat
taby tapy dapy fab
taky ta^y tag, iuniy
iun
aby apy ei
naby nap
mul
Ugy Uky u^
aZy aSy a^
IDEOGRAMS
burrumUy brightly colour-
ed; birmUy brightly col-
oured cloth.
rUUy head; *^I|tF ►>^T'
Ika^^adUy head; t j {►p
1 1 1 7 , aSaridu , chief ;
ES^ ^T^» ^^^^'^^ ruler J
tj tJI^ »-(^, sikkU-
rUy bolt.
t:| *^iyi, eltppUy ship;
E^ "^TIT ^f ^«^-
/^^2^, sailor.
arbduy irbittiy four; (*"t^I j)
tt ^Hf- «I^), Arbd-
iluy Arbela.
lapntUy to turn, to over-
throw.
kakkabUy star.
erily copper.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
93
SIGN
loo. ►^T
loi. fc>4
t^Oii]
.0.. <m
um
ro3. <m
dup
104.
t^TII
105
. tt
107
. ^^
:^<
SYLLABIC
VALUES
ta
katty gan
see
t^<
IDEOGRAMS
babu, gate; t:^| ^H
abullu, city-gate; t^CflY
W/«, Babylon.
Ninua, Nina, Nineveh.
duppu , tablet ; tabaku ,
to pour out; ^^^Jll ]
►|<y V^, dup-Htnti, tablet
of destiny; (E^)
<Tm fc^H. dup.
iarru, scribe.
i$tu, ultu, from; ttlU T^
^^, determinative af-
ter numbers and meas-
ures.
nuCidn , nadu , exalted ;
C^^I) ::E M, as-
kuppu , askuppatu ,
threshold.
determinative after num
bers (see 231); ►fc^
^Pl'^, b^gallu, abun-
dance.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
94
SIGN
io8. tgt
109. t^]
^rf, tf/, at
no. tt]]
^i
io6. tt}}
ia
in. fc^W
in
"2. t^?^
raby rap
114- t^m
M5. tiB^H
Sar, sar, Sir, &ir
116.
117. M ^}
118. {^
SYLLABIC
VALUES
iur
IDEOGRAMS
Snfpru, ^ibru, small; maru,
son; X^ ^TL ^//«,
viaru, son; t^{f: \^>
martu, bintu, daughter;
(►|<|^) t:^, marUiu,
sonship.
a^//, father.
120.
. Cr^
se, ium
kas, raSj ras
\ gab, gap, ^ab, dab,
I dub, tab, tub
Sarru, king; ^Ht fc^^W'
Marduk.
Saparu, to write ; t^ I ^ tJ'
y^//-^, plantation; ^J^
fe-^^l , kuta^^uru , to
collect, to rally.
rf«r«,wall;t^]^(tll|^),
mltu, dead.
naddnu, to give; ^y
^^zj, iilmu, onion.
barrdnu, way; !^, girru,
campaign; {S^ V'^?
biru, space of two hours.
irtu, breast; ^V^ »-yT<I (J^f),
gabm, mabiru, rival.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
95
SIGN
121. ^^]f
122. ^/
123. >^
124. tl^M
125. ::;^I
126. t^i]
127. £:<^
128. ::<^T
129. t^i
130. i^^^
132. K^I
131. :^<H<I
133. :=2^!I
134. :^^
135. t^]]
136. t;<T
SYLLABIC
VALUES
IDEOGRAMS
^^;'«, field; ^f;-, against.
138.
da^, tab
am
rimu, wild ox; t^l^ ^| |,
I pltu, elephant.
; Sfrii, flesh; oracle.
ne, (e, de, bil, pil, | i^atu, fire; e^^ii, new; ►►^
I fire-god.
bil, pil eS$u, new.
zik, zi^, ^ip
t^<3<l!<M^^'&,Erech.
gaz, gas, ga^, kas
ram
ur
il
du,gup,kup,^up,
gub, kub, ^ub,
kin
turn, dum, (tb)
daku, to slay.
rUmu, to love.
Ninua, Nina, Nineveh.
silnu, loins; ^^ ^I^| l>
iiid $ami, the horizon.
iSdu, foundation.
alaku, to go; nazazu, to
stand; kanu, to stand;
klnu, true; ^| J^J,
, italluku, to go.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
96
139-
SIGN
SYLLABIC
VALUES
140.
<^}
'42. t^]
144- ^^
145.
!!
146. t^}
148. Cf:
149- >^
Hi, nit
is, mil
bi, kaS, gai, kas
Sim, rik, ri^, rig
kiby kip, ^ib, ^ip
tak, ia^, dak
kak, kal?, da
\ ni, zal, sal, ^al,
i, li
roEOGRAMS
imiru, ass, a measure;
t^^ V t^M sisn,
horse; t^t]^ ^t}
^^^parU, mule; t^J^
"V tff-|, gammalu, ca-
mel.
arkil, situated behind; fu-
ture; arki, behind, after.
t^l ►^il-, karHnu, wine.
zikaru, male; SuSSu, sixty.
epiru, epru, dust.
Sikaru, date -wine; ^
^lltp, kurunnu, se-
same-wine.
ri^^u, a sweet -smelling
wood; (tj) ^jr?y|
>"-^^| J, buraSu, pine-
tree.
^?^;/«, stone.
^^7//;7, to build; epiSu, to
make; kalUy all.
Samnu, oil; Kffi Sf^ ^>
/^//7, porter. Comp. too
►S^ S?f^, ^-/^ niy god.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
97
SIGN
150. tffi
151- ^I
152. S^pp^
SYLLABIC
VALUES
mal
(--JinCffiy)
153- .-ff^' »-PF-«^I I
154. ^SMJ
155. ^S5l
157- twi
158. t^
159- t^"^"^
160. ^Idl
.6.. ^m
162. ^lin
163. -T
dak, da^, tak, par
pa, f}at, bat
siab. Sap, sap
\
sib, sip
I
I iz, is, />, giS
IDEOGRAMS
rapaSu, to be broad; rapiu,
broad; rupSu, breadth;
ummu, mother.
kisallu, platform; Samnu,
oil.
t\ ^TT^WT, gusnru,
beam.
milku, counsel.
H R-» ^^//''» sceptre;
t^ ^I "^IT, iiSakku,
ruler; ►HF' ^» iVij^^,
^/^/ i^w^, the zenith.
par^u, command.
(Elffi) t^l^, r^ V shep-
herd. .
i^u, wood; iutiSuru, to
direct (other wise ^| |
weapon; tukultu, help;
seelgf;::l^g^,«^r.
tu, boundary, end, sculp-
ture; t^i ^►t^, ^illu.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
98
SIGN
SYLLABIC
VALUES
164.
:^T^
\
165.
^I^
'al
166.
^<^
\^ub, up, ar
167.
^]h
mar
168. x^}
169. "^^W
170. ::II^
171. m
172
. ^m
I
( duk, lud; luf, lut
tin
I kid, kit, kid, kit,
git, saf}, sib, HI
IDEC^GRAMS
shadow ; tj "^U^
►<^, sikktlru, bolt; t]
I , tukumtu, tukuntu,
tukmatu , opposition ,
battle; ^^ t^ HP'
Gibil, fire- god; i^atu,
fire.
alpu, ox.
kibratu, quarter of heaven.
V :rTT- -^T «IiI),
mat amurrl, the West-
ernland; ^4f ^I!""
►^ I , amurrii, the west-
wind; see 4^^.
t=N «M)' Babilu, Ba-
bylon.
karpatu, pot, vessel.
inbu, fruit.
ni^u, people; ^^ ^ITT
!» »»» , Hgriti, women
of the palace (^:Jir F. H.),
Digitized by VjOOQIC
9Q
SIGN
173
. ^jn
174. ^TTT^
175. i^W
176. twm
177. ^TIK'
17B. tm
179
. ^TT-<]f
.80. ::Tm
.81. ::||]Rf
SYLLABIC
VALUES
ridy rit, iid, Sit,
laky lak, mis,
mi^, mtSy kil
«, iam, San
g^
lab, lib, lub, rib
kal, rib, lab, lap,
lib, lip, dan, (an,
tan
bit, bit,pit\ e (rare)
mr
IDEOGRAMS
miniltu, number; (E^ffi)
yn , iangil , priest ;
►ff^^ ^Ull, kunukku,
seal; ^Hf" ^^H, Mar-
duk,
rltu, fodder; ammatu, an
ell; Sammu, plant.
Sizbti, milk.
naSU, to raise.
sukkallu, minister.
dannu , mighty ; dannii,
exceedingly ; ^^^ H I r
lamassu, sacred colossal
bull; t:I tjyf «/^^, a
precious wood; (Kw)
t:|||, idlu, man, lord.
^►f- t^IT^f il^du, sacred
colossal bull ; X^
t:yy^<]^, karaiu, camp.
^f/«, house; t:|||T Hf"'
j?^?«^-«, priest; t|yn
ET^ , ^'>fe^//« , palace ;
t^TTIT V, riri/m/, tem-
pie; tUTT ^^^, z;?^-
ru, wall.
7*
Digitized by VjOOQIC
lOO
SIGN
182. ^]]A
183. ^TT
186. ^;^i
SYLLABIC '
VALUES I
IDEOGRAMS
' £^t (rare), comp. 6 1 | ^ ] J ^ ( j y) , /an/ , to
turn.
\ra
I ami/t4, man ; EI?ff ^^TTTT
I IfclJ, amilu, man.
, ii^, its, sis, sis 1 afyu, brother; na^dru, to
I protect; •^^ E^W^
^IeJ, Nannaru, Sin\
Uri, the city Ur.
192.
193.
:TT
I ^^, /"rt:
as
187.
E^< (J^B
^<)
zak, za^
imnu, right; /^///, bound-
ary; pfitu, front, face.
^H
see^H
^^
see fc^^f
188.
^
^ar, gar
189.
^T
1
idu, hand; £±2^1 »-y<y,
wtzifrw , eagle ; ^^^1
^y<|'^, ItU, strong.
190.
E<^<
HI
191.
E<3<i]f
kablu, midst, battle.
^y *^^yy, dam, ^v^r-
lasting; ^yy 'J^^, dan-
nu, mighty.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
lOI
SIGN
194.
^T
195-
th
196. E]^
197. m
.98. tm
199.
ms
200. E T
SYLLABIC
VALUES
W^
g-aly jka/
bar
bis, pii, kir, gir
mir
bur, pur
IDEOGRAMS
El ^T!» ^^^^«, land; ^|
E|*", adannU, exceed-
ingly; Ej ^^y, manil,
maneh.
m^^, great; ^^ ^^TTI^'
uSumgallu , monster-
viper; E>ffi Ej*^ ^►tT
fc^J^, rab^kUir, cap-
tain; E^ El»- "^^
an officer (chief of the
bakers); E^ E|^ X^
^nft^, rab'Sa^i, an of-
ficer (cup-bearer?) ; EhPFF
El'^ ^ ^I<, rab-eSre-
ti, chief over ten, de-
curio; EIw eT*^ ti
>^»^||, rab-asi, chief-
astrologer.
parakku, shrine.
'^^^, crown; /^^«, angry,
terrible.
(Elffi) E JI I ^ , nagiru,
commander.
jsee fc^i (136)
Digitized by VjOOQIC
102
SIGN
20 1. *^, \^
202. •^, \i^I^
203. '^'^T
204. "^TT
205. .^T
207
.M>
206. M}^W
208. ^^/cr^
209. ^Vxip
210. \
^7rVrt^]P IDEOGRAIMS
VALUES
d^liu, lady.
i
arku, yellow, green.
dud, tup
Sd
Su, kat, kat I katu, hand; ^[ ^1 h ubd-
i im, finger; ^EJ ^^
'-^\ «IU), Babylon;
' ^y Cd' yiapbaru,
total; ^^ ^ ^T
*t^J I^, SutSak^, officer.
EkTT »F|^t zammeru, male
musician ; 1?" >eJ^ »
zammertu, ndrtu, female
musician; >eT^ It» -f^-
///5w, fox.
////, lib, lip,
lup, pab, w^/-
sa (rare)
damdkii, to be favourable;
r^/, date-palm.
^alniu, image.
V ^^ «IEy), Akkad
(sometimes Urartu, Ar-
i menia).
gam, ^am,gur
see 201 and
202
Digitized by VjOOQIC
103
SIGN
211.
21
2. *^
2.3. ^-
2 14. V^-H
2 15. v^Hfflf
216. -i^-flPh
2.7. -^^m
2.8. V^T
219,
220.
SYLLABIC
VALUES
kur,. mat, mad,
iad, Sat, Sat, lat,
nat, nad, kin
Se
bu, pu, sir, (sir),
git, ^it
uz, us, u^
Sud, Sut, sir
muS, ^ir
tir
te
kar
lis, lis
IDEOGRAMS
matu, land, country; Sa^
dn, mountain; kaS&du,
to conquer; napafpti, to
shine forth; Sadtl, the
east-wind.
ieu, grain; ^i^ {^Vi\i),
magnru, to be obedient
to; 1i^ ►.{ ^fl, SamaS"
Sammu, sesame-seed.
^•^ ST)» ctrku, long.
f^^w,'^ distant.
^iru , serpent ; ^*^ jff <
^\ti:, muSruSSil, red
dragon (comp. Revel.
12, 3).
kiStu, wood.
temenu, foundation-stone;
I ^^^^. teb^', to be near;
! V^l I , galln, devil;
I"^ ^T» see 293.
i
\karu, wall; ef^ru, to pro-
tect.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
104
SIGN
SYLLABIC
ViVLUES
221.
222
. ^!
223.
224.
ud, uf, tit, 7/, til,
tarn, bit\ par, pir,
; lab, lib, bi^y bis
\ IDEOGRAMS
I
I a sign used for msirking
I the division of words
I (orig. for equation).
77;;///, day; fimu, dragon;
iamiu, sun; ^ftu, exit;
pi^fiy white; ►^ J>
Sainai\ ^\ m^|, a^il,
to go forth; ^Hf" ^I
^1 ti^i , ^ft iatnh, sun-
rise; ->f ^T I If
ereb Sainii, sun-set; \
^^ I^ ^ , sip arm ,
bronze; ^\ t^^ilT
^IeI, Larsam\ ^\ ^y
-Tin <M. ^ipp<^^;
n & ^I X:^\ -ITTT
(<I^), Puratu, Euphra-
tes; ^1 ^I I , unu, light.
^T-
//, //r/(rare),babyl.
also ya, yi, wa,
wi (later ma, mi)
uznu, ear.
m
lib
libbu, heart; ^|I| ^"^^t
►►^IA /f/>/f//, descen-
the city Assur.
^TCm!
ub
riCtu, riltu, spittle.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
105
SIGN
22
6.^^
227. ^
228. ^
229. 4i^^
230. 4iHRRf
231. ^»^
232.
4i4f
SYLLABIC
VALUES
^ab, ^ap, zab, bir,
I //>, lab, lib
I zib, zip, ^ip
biy (iy i^r
I
> ) . > > .> >
a, t, Uy a , t , u
ab, ib, ub
kam, ^^;«
im
IDEOGRAMS
(EI^) ^f ^&bu, warrior;
T (4^It) , ummanu,
host; ^"^ t^, niraru,
helper.
piru, offspring.
kiiSatUy host, the world;
^(-Tn^),/S/^«,good;
•-Hf" ^, the god A§-
§ur; V -HP 41 <M^
Assyria; — 1^| j 4^
(::TIT^), Eridu.
determinative after num-
bers (= ^^, comp.
107).
saru, wind; -^4f ""^TTTT
]^iy, satu, south- wind;
tanu, iltanu, north-wind ;
A4 J^TI- -^T.
amurrU , west - wind ;
east - wind ; ^4t
^y^-Jty, imbullu, evil
Digitized by VjOOQIC
io6
SIGN
SYLLABIC
VALUES
233. A^^
234- A^
235. A<^
237- A]}
238. <
239- K-S^H
340. <^TI
241. <*^T4iI
242. K^
243. <^
244. <3i
245. <«=
246. «<:!
I ^^r, ^/r, ^«r, w«r,
i
^uS, ruS
^un
mub
(comp. 86)
IDEOGRAMS
wind; ►Hf" -4i.4f» ^^
god /idf/zrf (babyl. Ram-
man); 4l4f -TTTf
irpitu, urpatu, cloude;
du, exalted.
sapabu, to bring to naught.
mountain-range.
rumi, red; />£r//, angry
(and comp. 216).
maUdu, mUdu, many;
sign of plural.
I (»-Hf") ^, the god Adad
j or Ramman,
eli, over, upon.
*"Hf" ^'^T-^l ^.?^^^ god-
dess; htar,
\ lid, lify lit, rim '
I kir
kis, kis, j^iS \kiSSatu, host, the world.
mi I mUiu, night; ^almu, dark.
^«/, kul, ^ul, sun I
Digitized by VjOOQIC
I07
SIGN
SYT.T.A.BIC
VALUES
247. it:^^
248. <:^T
nitn, nutn; turn
(rare)
249- •^^T
turn
250. <t^]]
lam, Um{?)
252. ^t^
eur, fitr
253. <^
254. <Sf
ban, pan
255. <^T
kirn, gim, dim
256. <f:T^
ul
257- ^
258. <^
259. <^fA
260. ^^
gig, kik
Si, Urn
IDEOGRAMS
tj C^T?^^, iriu, couch.
{Y)<t^t]<MElam.
•-Hf- C^ ^T. Marduk.
(I^Tf) <^, «j^«, offering,
tj ^J, ^a.f/te, bow.
klma, like, as.
i^/«, foot; (ESm) <^
*-t^y, iakkanakku, iak-
kanaku, governor; \^
<^ {5<y y«^, bones;
•-►f- <^, 4fru, field;
NergaL
kabtu, heavy.
mar^Uy sick.
f«i^, eye; pHnu, face;
mahru, front; amdru,
to see; \|^ | , ^wJ-
r«, to see; <!•- <T^,
abiktu, defeat; ^Hf" ^"^
w^^y, M>/A NergaL
Digitized by VjOOQIC
io8
SIGN
262. <MT<T
264. <M
SYLLABIC
VALUES
265. <j-m
266. <T»-IfcT
267. <T^, I^
.68. <B <f@
269. <m
^^
rf/, ^/
ki
IDEOGRAMS
tukultu, help; /V/i/, sign.
datnd^u, to be favourable;
damku , favourable ;
dumku, diin^u, favour;
(^) KT'^^f damiktu,
mercy, favour.
«, and; tj <T-IgDf Jgf,
aiUbu, a tree.
//w;/«, evil; (^) ^T^mf'
lunuttu, evil.
ialamti, to be complete;
Sulmu, prosperity ; \ | Kp
►►^, daianu , judge ;
^yt^ ^^tJ, sattukku,
regular offering; \ltp
IT, $andnu, to equctl;
V
manu, the god SulmUn.
tilu, mound.
I
\ir^itu, earth; a^ru, place;
////, with; <Igf t\\\
dannatu, distress; \IeI
tEl 1 1 , ^aplu , under
part, low; <^ t^^
Digitized by VjOOQIC
I09
SIGN
70. ^nn
71. ^
272.
<ii
2u. mm
.74. <}}
275-
<V
^76. <w
277. «
278^ <«
278*^^
SYLLABIC I
VALUES
IDEOGRAMS
din, tin
Sikf Sil^y sik, ziky
pik, pik
dun, Sul, sul
pad, pat, pat, Suk,
ink
man, nii
eS, sin
(or -II) '^TT A, Sum^;
<M IS[» ^Jtbtu, dwell-
ing; ^I^ f", iu^ultu,
weight (?).
sign of repetition, ditto,
balatu, to live ; ^ ^t:]?]?^
^[^, Babilu, Babylon.
van of II.
ellu, bright; <^} ^\\^.
fpura^u, gold; ^] ^J,
kaspu, ^arpu, silver.
kurummatu , food ; \™
^^Vl, nindaba, free-
will offering.
imnu, right; ^Ht ^f
/J?/^r , goddess , Ktar
(number fifteen).
I
iarru, king; ^amaS (num-
ber twenty).
(-^) \\\, Sin (number
I thirty); K^^*^, purus-
' j/7, decision.
(*-Hf") 1S?» Enlil (number
fifty).
Digitized by VjOOQIC
no
SIGN
SYLLABIC
VALUES
279.
I
ciiS, tiS, tisy Hs,
ana
280.
r
lal, la
282.
D
kil, ^ily gil, rim,
ritty baby fp^p,
kir
283.
B
284.
^
285.
t3^
286. i^
288. I<]f
289. ^
290. iny
291. tx:\
292.
zar, sar
u
pu, till
buly pul
ZUky ZU^y SUk
IDEOGRAMS
ana, to; htin, one; enu-
ma, when; determina-
tive before proper na-
mes.
Sa^ahi, to weigh; ^imittu,
yoke; katnU, to bind, to
catch. Comp. no. 269.
IT Ef» naru, river.
tl 1 ]F<y. narkabtu, chariot.
Vl T^^» ^^^^^» bitumen ;
kupru, bitumen.
sheep.
bUru, w^ell, spring.
puf}f}urUy to collect; ^|
^ X It napbaru, whole,
total.
annanna, "so and so".
Digitized by VjOOQIC
1 II
SIGN
293.
K
294. T«**-, ]-
^95. HI
296. M
297
.m
.mu
299
300. milt
30.. liiiMff
• I
302
303. h*^
l^
I meS, mis
I
I ., .
ti, tp
I ku^ dur, tuk (rare),
I^f-f
ki^ ^in, kin
iiJk
Su
diy fi
^VALuS"" i IDEOGRAMS
j me, Sib, Sip^ sip y^ is sometimes used for
I T'^'^*^; T"" ^l simtu,
' ornament (j/wtf/ worthy
of).
sign of the plural.
tukultu, help; ^ubntu, gar-
ment; asabu, to dwell;
M I^IlE, W/«««, a
garment ; 1 1 ]^, kakku,
weapon ; urkarinnu ,
box-tree; t| ]^ ►►f-,
z^//^^, club(?).
$abatu, to take; ^^««,
sheep; I^ ^t^T» ^>«-
w^rw, lamb, sheep.
Sipru, letter; muuru, to
send, to rule.
Sipdiu, wool; iJnf^, hair.
-I Ml^flff, -n««. ce-
dar.
kiSSaiu, host, the world;
»-Hf" L Marduk.
SiptUy incantation.
Salatnu, to be complete,
etc.; see Mt|^, no. 267
see tl^T^.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
112
SIGN
304. I^
305. i^ing
306. I^TT
307. ^
308. ^^
309. ^eT
310. ^^T
311. ^^
313. Xr<
312. ^v
SYLLABIC
VALUES
I Sal, salj rag, raky
I min, mint
I
^Uf rik
nin
dam, (am
amat (only in Ti-
amat)
IDEOGRAMS
iarapUj to burn.
joy.
sinnii , sinniitu , female ,
wife; ^ A^, nukurtu,
hostility; ^ ^T^^^f
see<M;^<I-IH'
iimuttu, evil; v?- El>
mimma , anything.
Comp. too 171.
*^//«, lady; »-Hf" ^^T
<IiI .El»-, ^//^/«, a
goddess ; ►►j" '^E i
tjli, Nin-lil (wife of
En-lil).
aSiatUy wife.
tj t?--^ Y7, >fe«jj/7, throne;
^^ }} T. guzalil,
shepherd (?), messenger;
►Hf" ^^ ^ET, Bau,
naggarUy nangarU, a work-
man (smith?).
amtu, maid.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
"3
SIGN
SYLLABIC
VALUES
IDEOGRAMS
314-
^w
nik, nik
3«5-
^m
el
316.
^^ ■
luin, bmn-y kus{?)
317-
^^iii
libittu, brick; lipittu, en-
closure.
II
see 272 <yi
318.
TT
number two.
319-
It
tuk, iul^
iiU, to have; used in
proper names for iub-
ill, to create.
320.
Ik!
ur, liky iil^, taS,
]y\ ^^11, «««, lion;
taSj dai, das, tiS,
H^y Hf- t"^]]. barbae
//>, //>
rii, wolf; IH "^TT^'
^ardu, ^arraduy strong;
ITHf M» kalbu, dog;
ITHf ►<, Sidimmu{}),
raging hound (name of
a star).
322.
TT«<
Sumilu.Mi (number hund-
red fifty).
323. Vi
\ mil , water ; aplu , son ;
I maru, son; \\ ^^>
! zananu, to rain ; 17 •"n'j
S^TT! n '-Hf-, deter-
minatives after numbers
I and measures; jy ttj
Digitized by VjOOQIC
114
SIGN
SYLLABIC
VALUES
324. m
325- }}
32
6. }}<
327. }}<I^J
II
az
za, ^a
f}a
g^g
IDEOGRAMS
^^y, tiamatu , tamtu,
tanidu, sea; If HIY>
mllu, flood; J^f ^^,
w^^r;^, land; T]f ^Uy,
r>^///, field; yf ^^>
baka, to weep; bikltu,
weeping; y^ ]^, wJr«,
river; y]f ]^ yf '-yy^,
Puratu, Euphrates; yy
]^T, see ISH; tj^
X^\ ^y ^y yf see
iST;(E^)yMy,
asn, seer; EI?^ y^
^^^y^, nak-mi, vcxi^di''
tor;E^y]f]^n,w^r-
Hpri, messenger.
^^ yy yy, Ai, a goddess.
►?i^<]f n ^» uk7in, lapis
lazuli; ^^? ;f^ V
►3^^, ^^]^r«, a kind of
lapis lazuli.
nunu, fish; yy< yy, bala-
^u, to be destroyed.
Sik, ilk, sik, zik,\see no. 272 (van \y<y).
ptky pik
Digitized by VjOOQIC
H5
SIGN
nh
328. w
339. m«<-
330. V
332.
w
333. ?l[i[
SYLLABIC
VALUES
^
ia, gar
ia (number five)
ai
IDEOGRAMS
fpammamUy quarter of
heaven.
Sii^lu, shekel.
iarru, king.
SakHnu, to set; iiknu,
image; akdlu, food; y
1 1 1 J-^, makkUru, pro-
perty; Y ►►^h kudur-
ru, boundary, service;
^ ^T<|^» *«Jf^, pro-
perty; Y Ifc> meirU,
wealth; (ES?|i) V. ^^k-
nu, governor; ►! Y
t^, ^^//l?/, sceptre.
-HF- W TT, Igigi. the
spirits of heaven.
number six.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
ii6
GLOSSHRY
AbalUf to bring, III2 ussibil
abatu, to do thoroughly, IV, to fl^
abiktUf defeat
abiiu, will, command
abu, father
adannii, greatly
adij together with, as far as
adif compact
admanUy house
agdgUy to be enraged
agaruy to hire
a^amiif each other
a^azu^ to hold
a^inna ^ afyt\ side, and anna^ this
alfu, side
afyUf hostile
akalu^ to eat, food
alaktUy way
aldkuj to go
alaluy to hang up
alt-may where?
allakuy courier
allu^ a chain
amdrUf to see
amdtu, affair, word
amI/Uf man
anOf to
annuiimy now
fl'/Zw, son
aplutUy sonship
apparuy swamp
ardduy to go down, set out
arbauy four
ar</«, slave
arl^Uy month
arkdnuy afterwards
aldbuy to dwell
aiary where
asdrUy to besiege (comp. eseru)
airuy place
aiiurttUy the Assyrian
fl^«, go out, to go up
atdruy to increase (and comp. liituru)
attunij as for us
ebiruy to cross, III2 to extend over
eduy alone, one
elhtUy upper
eliy more than
eluy to be high, to depart, IIj to raise,
nil to bring up
emiduy III to erect
emu^Uy force, army (comp. imiiM
epeiUy to do, make (comp. ipiitu)
epiruy dust, earth (comp. ipru)
epiltUy plu. tplatUy deed
erehtt^ to enter (comp. i>«d)
«?/-«, to besiege (comp. asdru)
Digitized by VjOOQIC
117
eieru, to guide, TII2 direct, make straight
eliiitu, newness
ete^Uy to march (and corap. meti^u)
ezebUf to leave, to deliver, IIIi to save
ezezu, to make strong
ur^Hj road
ur^ttUf green herb
u trust's, quickly
ulmanu, camp
uznUy ear
tduy side
idiiy to know
ilfzuy hilt
t'kimuj seize
///, against
ilippUy ship
iluy god
tliitUf divinity
tmiikuy power, force (com p. em?M
ina^ in, with
mUy eye
tptltUf deed (com p. epiltu)
iprUy dust (comp. epiru)
ir^itUf earth
irubittOy irummay comp. erebu
iiarUf straight
tSdru, II Ig see eSeru
ildtUy fire
ii^atUy fetter
t'ssuru, bird
iUaritum, a goddess
iUeni*tUy I3 to devise (of nyC^)
/^«, wood
»//«, with
/'/«, darkness
ubai, of ny3» to seek (see *«'«)
ulldnuy without |
ultUy out of I
umdy so
ummdnuy people, plu. troops
ummuy mother
«///;/, day
umuy ma umeluma^ at that time
umussuj daily
ba*u, III to seek
da^M, gate
bakUy to weep
baldfUy live, spare
balkdtUy nil to tear down
baltUy alive
banaty mother
^€znf/, to found, to build, to make
baiuy to be, to happen, IIIj place
battibattiy in the neighbourhood
beluy to take possession of, to rule; lord
beltvy lady
biltUy present
biiuy to take possession of, see belu
birinniy between us
biritUy bond
birmiy variegated (stuffs)
bit^a/luy saddle-horse
bitUy house
bubutUt bread
gamruy complete
gappUy feather
gaVilUy stake
gtbiUy multitude
gimrUy all
girrUf expedition
D
dabdbuy to device
dababtUy device
dagdluy to see
dagdlu party to be subject to
dakuy to muster
ddkuy to kill
Digitized by VjOOQIC
Ii8
daltUy door
damakuy to be favourable
damiktUy favour
dam^aru, name of a profession
dam^Uf favourable
dananu, might
dannUy mighty, strong
dannutUf fortress
ddrUf ana daratim, continuously, for ever
dikUf assemble
dimtUy tears
dinuy judgement
dum^u, mercy
dun^u, favour
duru, wall
za^dnUf to adorn (see fanu)
za^apuy to set up (and II|)
zakaruy to address, to speak
zandnuy to send rain
zikarUf man
ziJkruy name
zummu, deprived
H
^adatUf plunder
^adUf to rejoice
^a/adu, cover
^amatf aid
f}amfu, ^anfu, swift
l^aradu, be victorious (?)
I^arranu, path, way (and ^aranu)
Ifaru, to dig out
Ifafii, to sin
^ifitu, sin
l^ubtUt plunder
^urafu, gold
(ddlu, the good
fdbUf to be pleasant, to be good
fdbUf good
falfiif to approach
(e^u, to draw near, to approach
fdmUf understanding, news "
fiffu, clay
fubbUf joy, health
kabattVf liver
kabtttUf mind
kakkuy weapon, arms
kaldlUy to fulfil
kalbuy dog
kalmatUy insect
^arw, after ordinal numbers
kamdsuy kamdruy to take one's stand
kamuy to conquer, to take
kandiUy to prostrate, to submit
kdnuy to stand
kardbu, be propitious, bless, be gracious
kdru, wall
kaidduy capture, approach, conquer;
ik'iU'US'SU-nU'ti for ik-lu-ud'SU-nu-ti
katdmuy cover
ktbratUy plu. kibrdtiy region
kidinuy protection
ihrn^, according to, like
>&i/«, governor
kirbuy midst
>&ir«, park, plantation
kiidduy bank of a river
kiiiatUy hosts
i(iJ/i#, wood
^Vr«, assistance, aid
kurmatUy nourishment
kuier, becoming
labdruy to be old
labdiUy to clothe
lapafty before
/i^^f/, heart
limnu, evil
limuttUy evil
Digitized by VjOOQIC
ti9
liianUj tongue, speech
lubultUf clothing
M
fnd*adil, ana ma*adilf in great numbers
ma* adit f much
ma'adUf to swarm, to he many
ma*di$f much
fnada{t)tUy tribute
magaru^ to be favourable, to favour,
to obey
inaf^dru, to receive
malfdsu, to smite, I2 imda^lfist to fight
ma^azu^ city, fortified-city
ma^lfurt forward
tfia^ru, first, fonner
malfdtUf to fall, I2 {i-tu-J^Nt for tmta^ut)
idem, IIIj to overthrow
ma/a, as many as
maldkuy to counsel
maiu, to fill
mama, any
mamitUy oath
mana, maneh
mandatu, gift
manma, any
manUf to number, to count
markasu, cord
mar^u, sick
mdrtu, daughter
mdrUf IIj to send
marUf son
ma^artu, a guard, watchman, observation
maiaru, H^ to leave
maikanUf station, place
malkUf skin
maititu, a drink
mo/M, to find
mo^M, to forget
fnatu, to die
mdtu, land
iw^, enclitic particle
meii^u, course (comp. ^/?^« and miti^u)
migruy darling
milammu, lustre
milkuy counsel
mmi, how?
mifruy territory
mitikuy progress (comp. meti^u)
mslu, the dead
/«« plu. me, water
mu^^u, top part
mttlarkis, doer (from rakasu)
muipalu, depth
mufu, an exit
muiu, night
miitUy death
nabalu, dry land, island
nabalu, to destroy
nahnttu, creation
Ma^M, to call, name
naddnu, to give
Mtft/M, cast down
nakaru, foe, enemy
nakaru, destroy, lay waste
nakdsu, to cut down
nakiru, enemy
nalbalu, garment
namdru, to be bright
namriru, brilliance
napiltu, life
naramu, beloved
nardru, help
narkdbtu, plu. chariot
«5rf/, river, canal
nasa^u, drive away
naia^u^ to kiss
nafdru, to keep, observe, keep watch^
guard
naldlu, to move (?) p. 80, line 23
^aJM, to lift up
nazdztt, to stand (still), to station
wMw, peaceful, fem. nihtu
nindaggara, see magdru
Digitized by VjOOQIC
120
niru^ yoke
nilUy people, men
nurUf light
sa^dpUj to cast down
sa^aru, III2 to surround
saka/fu, to cast down
saliif to pray
sapdnu, to overcome
sikkurUy bolt
sttntu, insignia
sippu^ threshold
sisUy horse
sittti, rest
suku, street
surraiu, sedition
padanu, way
pagruy corpse
pakddu^ to grant, to appoint
pala^u, to fear
/a/w, year of reign
panu, face, former
parfUy command
parUf mule
parzilluy iron
paial^Uf be at rest
paldru, to annul
paidruy to release
patruy dagger
/?/w, porter
pi^dtu, prefect
pikittu^ appointment
/!/«, to open
pUy mouth
pulu^tu, fear
purussu, decision
piitUj face, entrance
fabdiu, to take, to grasp, to set forth
fddf kidinni, temple-servant
sdbut warrior, servant, soldier, man
^almu^ image
fa/«7, IIj beseech
^amddUf to yoke
^dnu. III ^^ adorn, to favour (or za'dnu)
^ardfyuy IVj was angry
^diUf um ^i'diCj days of old
4^fygrUf to be young
fi^rUy small
sirUy a plain
firUf noble
^iruliun, against them
fubdtu, garment
^abal tdmtitn, midst of the sea
IfablUy fight
^abuy hibti, to speak, utter, say
kakkddu^ head
kahkaruy place, ground
kapdduy to plan
^a/«, to entrust to
^ardbUf to draw near; a battle
^dlu, to present
^^/i/, hand
^ibitUf to command
^/(ft«, to speak
/?
r<i*«, great
rakdbUf to ride
rakdsUf to bind (and comp. muiarkis)
rakbuy messenger
ramdniiUy himself
ramUy to place
rdmuj to love. III /Hi incline unto com
passion
raplUf broad
raliiy to grant, show
raUibtUy might
Digitized by VjOOQIC
121
riiUf head, summit
rimu, grace
riksu, bond
rittUf hand
rubu, prince, fem. rubatu, princess
rii^u, distant
rukubut carriage
la, as (it appeareth), who
iaaluy to ask
iabaru, to shatter
iaduy satUy mountain
iaf^afUy to strip
iakanuy to set, to place
iaknuy governor
ia^tl officer, see luparu
lalaluy to carry off, to plunder
lalamuy to be welJ, to prosper
laldfu, to pierce
lallatUy spoil, booty
ialmiiy peacefully
ialputUf misfortune
iamu, heaven
ianttuy time, repetition
ianUy another
ianu, declare, II| to inform
Sapa^u, to spread
SaparUf saparu, to send
iaplu, lower
iara^Uf to grant
larapUy to bum
iarratUf queen
iarruy constr. iar, king
iarrutu, royalty
SaSmu, battle
iafaru, to write
iatiiy to drink
leltbUf fox
iem% to hear (and h'mtl)
lepUy foot
iibbUy girdle
ilmtu, fate
Umt'ru, a ring
f/mu, to hear, see J^wm
^*>r«, a dispatch
iiptu, incantation
itpUy foot (see iepu)
iiru, flesh (heart), body
Subiu, constr. i«*a/, dwelling, seat
Su^aluluy to swing
iulmu, peace, safety, well
iumma, if
iumu, name
iuparia^u (or better iul-ia^i), general
Inparuy ruler
iurbu, exalted
JMr«, ox
^M/«, belonging to, see Suparu
mturUf mighty (corap. ataru)
tabaku, to pour out
ta^azu, batde
/a^/u, overthrow
takaluy to trust
tama^u, to seize, to hold
tamartUy gift
tamtu, tamduy sea
/ari/, return, to turn, to fall; II| add
teniietUy mankind
teslitu, Mlitu, prayer
ttbUf to rise, to come
tibutu, the advance
tidHJkUf warrior
til/Uf pit
tukultUy help
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122
CORRIQENDH
Page 14, 1. II, for {jf^j; read tt^Hj);
„ 15, 1. 9, for 1^3-)^ read yg-]^.
16, § 16, I. 6, for contraction read harmony.
„ 19, § 19, 1. 8, for t:|| read t-]}}; 1- n, for ^^] read ^^JJ; and
for P>^Q read ^^AT; 1. 12, for transscription read transcription.
„ 23, 1. 3, for ^]tz]^ read ^tj^; also 1. 4.
„ 24, 4, 1. I, for in read is.
„ 26, § 37, 1. 12, for ^^J read ^^^J [; for t^ read ^^.
„ 31, 1. 2, for ^JS^ read tt]'^ 1- 4, ^or "^J]] read ^JJ.
„ 33, 1- 6, for ^y read ^JJ.
„ 37, 1. 9, for ^ read ^J.
» 39, § 55, 1. 5, for ^Z"^ read ::J<J.
„ 42, § 61, 1. 9, for ^yy read"^yy.
„ 43, 1. 24, for ibnikund read tbnikunu.
„ 44, 1. 3, for JC^ read ^y^^-
« 49, § 78, 1. II, for ►^ read ^^.
„ 53, 1. 4, for ^y read tr<yy.
„ 55, § 96, 1. 5» before t^y^f insert 4^^.
„ 62, 1. 4, for •-yy V read ^yy^i^.
„ 64, 1. 2, for »-yy< read •-yy<y.
„ 67, 1. 29, *for left read lift.
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